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\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\fi-1\li2263\ri2007\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs68\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions and Functional Programming}{\s29\f0\fs68\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li3976\ri5656\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Chapter Topics}{\s29\f0\fs24\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch e were introduced to functions in Chapter 2, and we have seen}{\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2747\ri2454\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch them created and called throughout the text. In this chapter, we will look beyond the basics and give you a full treatment of all the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1759\ri2628\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch other features associated with functions. In addition to the expected behav- ior, functions in Python support a variety of invocation styles and argument types, including some functional programming interfaces. We conclude this chapter with a look at Python\uc1\u8217\'92s scoping and take an optional side trip into the world of recursion.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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{\listtext\pard\fi-1019\li2780\ri-20 1	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1019\li2780\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1000\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta }}\fn-1019\li2780\ls1\ilvl0\itap0\tx2780{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch What Are Functions?}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1759\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20160 \uc0\u20040 \uc0\u26159 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-225 }{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1759\ri2628\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions are the structured or procedural programming way of organizing the logic in your programs. Large blocks of code can be neatly segregated into manageable chunks, and space is saved by putting oft-repeated code in functions  as  opposed  to  multiple  copies  everywhere\uc1\u8212\'97this  also  helps  with consistency because changing the single copy means you do not have to hunt for and make changes to multiple copies of duplicated code. The basics of functions  in  Python  are  not  much  different  from  those  of  other  languages with which you may be familiar. After a bit of review here in the early part of this chapter, we will focus on what else Python brings to the table.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1759\ri2628\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1509\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions can appear in different ways . . . here is a sampling profile of how you will see functions created, used, or otherwise referenced:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3277\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx5919{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch declaration/definition\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(): }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'bar'}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3277\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function object/reference   }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3277\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx5919{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function call/invocation\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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{\listtext\pard\fi-1080\li4599\ri-20 1.1.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1080\li4599\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1001\abilistparentid1000\abilistlevel2\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnprev\pnlvl9\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1080\li4599\ls2\ilvl1\itap0\tx4599{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions versus Procedures}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions are often compared to procedures. Both are entities that can be invoked, but the traditional function or \uc1\u8220\'93black box,\uc1\u8221\'94 perhaps taking some or no input  parameters,  performs  some  amount  of  processing,  and  concludes  by sending  back  a  return  value  to  the  caller.  Some  functions  are  Boolean  in nature, returning a \uc1\u8220\'93yes\uc1\u8221\'94 or \uc1\u8220\'93no\uc1\u8221\'94 answer, or, more appropriately, a non-zero or zero value, respectively. Procedures are simply special cases, functions that do not return a value. As you will see below, Python procedures are implied func- tions because the interpreter implicitly returns a default value of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u32463 \uc0\u24120 \uc0\u21644 \uc0\u-28729 \uc0\u31243 \uc0\u27604 \uc0\u-28797 \uc0\u12290 \uc0\u23427 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u20004 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u26102 \uc0\u-28419 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u-30549 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u23454 \uc0\u20307 \uc0\u-244 \uc0\u20294 \uc0\u26159 \uc0\u20256 \uc0\u32479 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u25110 \uc0\u-32763 \uc1\u8220\'93\uc0\u-24879 \uc0\u31665 \uc1\u8221\'94\uc0\u-244 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u-32515 \uc0\u-26880 \uc0\u-30335 \uc0\u-28781 \uc0\u20837 \uc0\u20960 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u25110 \uc0\u-32763 \uc0\u19981 \uc0\u-26880 \uc0\u-30335 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-244 \uc0\u26469 \uc0\u23436 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u20123 \uc0\u22788 \uc0\u29702 \uc0\u-244 \uc0\u21253 \uc0\u25324 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1080\li4599\ri-20 1.2.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1080\li4599\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1001\abilistparentid1000\abilistlevel2\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnprev\pnlvl9\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1080\li4599\ls2\ilvl1\itap0\tx4599{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Return Values and Function Types}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3519\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-28716 \uc0\u22238 \uc0\u20540 \uc0\u19982 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u31867 \uc0\u22411 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions may return a value back to their callers and those that are more procedural in nature do not explicitly return anything at all. Languages that treat procedures as functions usually have a special type or value name for functions that \uc1\u8220\'93return nothing.\uc1\u8221\'94 These functions default to a return type of}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1496\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch "void" }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in C, meaning no value returned. In Python, the equivalent return object type is }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1496\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1496\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1496\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1495\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}hello() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function acts as a procedure in the code below, returning no value. If the return value is saved, you will see that its value is }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1495\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u19979 \uc0\u-26782 \uc0\u30340 }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}hello()\uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-244 \uc0\u27809 \uc0\u26377 \uc0\u-28716 \uc0\u22238 \uc0\u20540 \uc0\u12290 \uc0\u22914 \uc0\u26524 \uc0\u-28716 \uc0\u22238 \uc0\u20540 \uc0\u-30549 \uc0\u20445 \uc0\u23384 \uc0\u-244 \uc0\u20320 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u30475 \uc0\u21040 \uc0\u-28711 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u20540 \uc0\u26159 None\uc0\u-230 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}hello():}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4079{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'hello world'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> res = hello()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch hello world}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> res}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}res}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch None}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> type(res)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <type 'None'>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Also, like most other languages, you may return only one value/object from}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a function in Python. One difference is that in returning a container type, it will seem as if you can actually return more than a single object. In other}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch words, you cannot leave the grocery store with multiple items, but you can}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch throw them all in a single shopping bag, which you walk out of the store with, perfectly legal.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch           \uc0\u20063 \uc0\u20687 \uc0\u20854 \uc0\u20182 \uc0\u22823 \uc0\u22810 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u-29715 \uc0\u-30208 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u26679 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}['xyz', 1000000, -98.6]}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'abc', [42, 'python'], "Guido"}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2638\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function returns a list, and the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function returns a tuple. Because of the tuple\uc1\u8217\'92s syntax of not requiring the enclosing parentheses, it creates the perfect illusion of returning multiple items. If we were to prop- erly enclose the tuple items, the definition of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}would look like this:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}('abc', [4-2j, 'python'], "Guido")}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2451\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch As far as return values are concerned, tuples can be saved in a number of ways. The following three ways of saving the return values are equivalent:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> aTuple = bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> x, y, z = bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> (a, b, c) = bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> aTuple}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ('abc', [(4-2j), 'python'], 'Guido')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> x, y, z}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ('abc', [(4-2j), 'python'], 'Guido')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> (a, b, c)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ('abc', [(4-2j), 'python'], 'Guido')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2636\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In the assignments for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}y}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}z}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}a}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}b}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}c}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, each variable will receive its cor- responding  return  value  in  the  order  the  values  are  returned.  The  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}aTuple }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}assignment takes the entire implied tuple returned from the function. Recall that a tuple can be \uc1\u8220\'93unpacked\uc1\u8221\'94 into individual variables or not at all and its reference assigned directly to a single variable. (Refer back to Section 6.18.3 for a review.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In short, when no items are explicitly returned or if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is returned, then Python returns }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. If the function returns exactly one object, then that is the object that Python returns and the type of that object stays the same.  If  the  function  returns  multiple  objects,  Python  gathers  them  all together and returns them in a tuple. Yes, we claim that Python is more flexible than languages like C where only one return value is allowed, but}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2440\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in all honesty, Python follows the same tradition. The programmer is just given  the  impression  that  he  or  she  can  return  more  than  one  object.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4391\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Table 11.1   Return Values and Types}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4398\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Stated Number}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4557\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of Objects to}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4804\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Return}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Type of Object That}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li204\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python Returns}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li5071\ri4048\s29\itap0\tx6779{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0\tab None}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li5069\ri3928\s29\itap0\tx6660{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}object}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4942\ri3986\s29\itap0\tx6720{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >1\tab tuple}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Table 11.1 summarizes the number of items \uc1\u8220\'93returned\uc1\u8221\'94 from a function, and}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch the object that Python actually returns.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Many languages that support functions maintain the notion that a func- tion\uc1\u8217\'92s type is the type of its return value. In Python, no direct type correlation can be made since Python is dynamically typed and functions can return val- ues of different types. Because overloading is not a feature, the programmer can use the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}type() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function as a proxy for multiple declarations with different }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}signatures }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(multiple prototypes of the same overloaded function that differ based on its arguments).}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.2  Calling Functions}{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\sb80 1.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\sb80\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1002\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls3\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Function Operator}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u25805 \uc0\u20316 \uc0\u31526 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions are called using the same pair of parentheses that you are used to.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In fact, some consider ( }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}( ) }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) to be a two-character operator, the function operator.  As  you  are  probably  aware,  any  input  parameters  or  arguments must be placed between these calling parentheses. Parentheses are also used as part of function declarations to define those arguments. Although we have yet to formally study classes and object-oriented programming, you will dis- cover that the function operator is also used in Python for class instantiation.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 2.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1002\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls3\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Keyword Arguments}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20851 \uc0\u-27346 \uc0\u23383 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The concept of keyword arguments applies only to function invocation. The idea here is for the caller to identify the arguments by parameter name in a function call. This specification allows for arguments to be missing or out-of- order because the interpreter is able to use the provided keywords to match values to parameters.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch For a simple example, imagine a function }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, which has the following}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch pseudocode definition:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch   \uc0\u20030 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u31616 \uc0\u21333 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u20363 \uc0\u23376 ,\uc0\u27604 \uc0\u22914 \uc0\u26377 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0} }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(),\uc0\u26377 \uc0\u22914 \uc0\u19979 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u23450 \uc0\u20041 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2115\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(x):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2571\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo_suite }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}# presumably does some processing with 'x'}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2020\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4639\tx5879\tx7420{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Standard calls to foo():\tab foo(42)\tab foo('bar')\tab foo(y)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2020\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4740\tx6079{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Keyword calls to foo():\tab foo(x=42)\tab foo(x='bar') foo(x=y)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2020\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4740\tx6079{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u26631 \uc0\u20934 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0} }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():foo(42)\tab foo('bar')\tab foo(y)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2020\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4740\tx6079{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20851 \uc0\u-27346 \uc0\u23383 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 foo():foo(x=42)\tab foo(x='bar') foo(x=y)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch For  a  more  realistic  example,  let  us  assume  you  have  a  function  called}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and you know that it takes two parameters, say, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}host }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}port}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20030 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u26356 \uc0\u29616 \uc0\u23454 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u20363 \uc0\u23376 ,\uc0\u20551 \uc0\u-29762 \uc0\u20320 \uc0\u26377 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u21483 \uc0\u20570 }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn(),\uc0\u-32756 \uc0\u19988 \uc0\u30693 \uc0\u-28589 \uc0\u-26880 \uc0\u-30335 \uc0\u20004 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 host\uc0\u21644 port:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch    }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn(host, port):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3280\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Naturally, we can call the function, giving the proper arguments in the correct positional order in which they were declared:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u21482 \uc0\u-30335 \uc0\u25353 \uc0\u29031 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u23450 \uc0\u20041 \uc0\u-26502 \uc0\u24207 \uc0\u-28781 \uc0\u20837 \uc0\u24688 \uc0\u24403 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u24456 \uc0\u-32278 \uc0\u28982 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u-28711 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn('kappa', 8080)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}host }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}parameter gets the string }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'kappa' }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}port }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}gets integer 8080. Keyword arguments allow out-of-order parameters, but you must provide the name of the parameter as a \uc1\u8220\'93keyword\uc1\u8221\'94 to have your arguments match up to their corresponding argument names, as in the following:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch host\uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968  \uc0\u24471 \uc0\u21040 \uc0\u23383 \uc0\u31526 \uc0\u20018 'kappa',port\uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u24471 \uc0\u21040 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}8080.\uc0\u24403 \uc0\u28982 \uc0\u20063 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u19981 \uc0\u25353 \uc0\u29031 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 \uc0\u20013 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-26502 \uc0\u24207 \uc0\u-28781 \uc0\u20837 \uc0\u20294 \uc0\u26159 \uc0\u24471 \uc0\u-28781 \uc0\u20837 \uc0\u30456 \uc0\u24212 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u21517 ,\uc0\u22914 \uc0\u19979 \uc0\u20363 :}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn(port=8080, host='chino')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Keyword arguments may also be used when arguments are allowed to be}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93missing.\uc1\u8221\'94 These are related to functions that have default arguments, which we will introduce in the next section.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch   \uc0\u24403 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u20801 \uc0\u-29768 \uc0\u19981 \uc0\u-28781 \uc0\u20837 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u26102 \uc0\u20505 \uc0\u20063 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u19981 \uc0\u-28781 \uc0\u20837 .\uc0\u-28711 \uc0\u21462 \uc0\u20915 \uc0\u20110 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u-24872 \uc0\u-29788 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 ,\uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u22312 \uc0\u19979 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u-28440 \uc0\u20998 \uc0\u-29722 \uc0\u32454 \uc0\u20171 \uc0\u32461 \uc0\u12290 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch   }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 3.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1002\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls3\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default Arguments}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-24872 \uc0\u-29788 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default arguments are those that are declared with default values. Param- eters  that  are  not  passed  on  a  function  call  are  thus  allowed  and  are assigned the default value. We will cover default arguments more formally in Section 11.5.2.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 4.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1002\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls3\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Grouped Arguments}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch                          \uc0\u32676 \uc0\u32452 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python also allows the programmer to execute a function without explicitly specifying individual arguments in the call as long as you have grouped the arguments in either a tuple (non-keyword arguments) or a dictionary (key- word arguments), both of which we will explore in this chapter. Basically, you can put all the arguments in either a tuple or a dictionary (or both), and just call a function with those buckets of arguments and not have to explicitly put them in the function call:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python\uc0\u20063 \uc0\u20801 \uc0\u-29768 \uc0\u25903 \uc0\u25345 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(*tuple_grp_nonkw_args, **dict_grp_kw_args)}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}tuple_grp_nonkw_args }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}are the group of non-keyword arguments}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch as a tuple, and the  }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}dict_grp_kw_args }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}are a dictionary of keyword argu-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ments. As we already mentioned, we will cover all of these in this chapter, but}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch just be aware of this feature that allows you to stick arguments in tuples and/}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1507\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch or dictionaries and be able to call functions without explicitly stating each one by itself in the function call.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1481\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In fact, you can give formal arguments, too! These include the standard positional parameters as well as keyword argument, so the full syntax allowed}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in Python for making a function call is:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(positional_args, keyword_args,}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch *tuple_grp_nonkw_args, **dict_grp_kw_args)}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1678\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch All arguments in this syntax are optional\uc1\u8212\'97everything is dependent on the individual function call as far as which parameters to pass to the function. This syntax has effectively deprecated the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function. (Prior}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to Python 1.6, such argument objects could only be passed to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch the function object for invocation.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20030 \uc0\u20363 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1677\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In our math game in Example 11.1 (}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}easyMath.py}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}), we will use the current function calling convention to generate a two-item argument list to send to the appropriate  arithmetic  function.  (We  will  also  show  where  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}would have come in if it had been used.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1678\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}easyMath.py }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}application is basically an arithmetic math quiz game for  children  where  an  arithmetic  operation\uc1\u8212\'97addition  or  subtraction\uc1\u8212\'97  is randomly  chosen.  We  use  the  functional  equivalents  of  these  operators, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}sub()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, both found in the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}operator }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}module. We then generate the  list  of  arguments  (two,  since  these  are  binary  operators/  operations). Then random numbers are chosen as the operands. Since we do not want}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to support negative numbers in this more elementary edition of this appli- cation,  we  sort  our  list  of  two  numbers  in  largest-to-smallest  order,  then call the corresponding function with this argument list and the randomly chosen  arithmetic  operator  to  obtain  the  correct  solution  to  the  posed problem.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.1  Arithmetic Game (easyMath.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri2605\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Randomly chooses numbers and an arithmetic function, displays the question, and verifies the results. Shows answer after three wrong tries and does not continue}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch until the user enters the correct answer.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}operator }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add, sub}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 4\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}random }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint, choice}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 5}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 6\tab ops = \{'+': add, '-': sub\}}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab MAXTRIES = 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}doprob():}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3019{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 10\tab op = choice('+-')}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3019{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom1035\shpright10620\shplid626690239{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:1.6833in/3.0972in/2.5944in/1.6833in/3.0972in/2.5944in/1.6833in/3.0972in/2.5944in/1.6833in/3.0972in/2.5944in/1.6833in/3.0972in/2.5944in/; table-sdh:5748160}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2445\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx6905\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1899\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1899\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1899\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:3; bot-attach:4; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2445\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx6905\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1897\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:3; bot-attach:4; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li319\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:3; bot-attach:4; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:4; bot-attach:5; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2445\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx6905\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1897\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:4; bot-attach:5; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li319\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:4; bot-attach:5; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11\tab nums = [randint(1,10) }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}i }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(2)]}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 17\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}try}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 18\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}int(raw_input(pr)) == ans:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom437\shpright4200\shplid103284441{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.6944in/0.7639in/1.4583in/0.6944in/0.7639in/1.4583in/; table-sdh:574e5b0}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1021\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2121\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4221
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li180\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1021\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2121\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4221
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li794\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-74\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 19\tab }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'correct'}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 22\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'answer\\n%s%d'%(pr, ans)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 23\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}else}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 24\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'incorrect... try again'}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 25\tab oops += 1}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 26\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}except }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(KeyboardInterrupt, \\}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 27\tab EOFError, ValueError):}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 28\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'invalid input... try again'}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom437\shpright2160\shplid983639269{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.1944in/0.3472in/0.9583in/0.1944in/0.3472in/0.9583in/; table-sdh:57df630}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx301\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2181
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li80\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx301\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2181
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-55\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 29}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 32\tab doprob()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 33\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}try}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 34\tab opt = raw_input('Again? [y]').lower()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 35\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}opt }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}opt[0] == 'n':}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 36\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}break}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 37\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}except }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 38\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}break}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 39}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 40   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}__name__ == '__main__':}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3019{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 41\tab main()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Line-by-Line Explanation}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-28656 \uc0\u-30644 \uc0\u-30237 \uc0\u-28214 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 1\uc1\u8211\'96 4}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1676\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Our  code  begins  with  the  usual  Unix  startup  line  followed  by  various imports of the functions that we will be using from the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}operator }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}ran- dom }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}modules.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1676\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u20195 \uc0\u30721 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 6\uc1\u8211\'967}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The global variables we use in this application are a set of operations and their corresponding functions, and a value indicating how many times (three: 0, 1, 2) we allow the user to enter an incorrect answer before we reveal the solution. The function dictionary uses the operator\uc1\u8217\'92s symbol to index into the dictionary, pulling out the appropriate arithmetic function.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 9\uc1\u8211\'9628}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1682\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}doprob() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function is the core engine of the application. It randomly picks  an  operation  and  generates  the  two  operands,  sorting  them  from largest-to-smallest order in order to avoid negative numbers for subtraction problems. It then invokes the math function with the values, calculating the correct  solution.  The  user  is  then  prompted  with  the  equation  and  given three opportunities to enter the correct answer.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1679\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Line  10  uses  the  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}random.choice() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function.  Its  job  is  to  take  a sequence\uc1\u8212\'97a string of operation symbols in our case\uc1\u8212\'97and randomly choose one item and return it.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\s29\itap0\tx8820{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Line 11 uses a list comprehension to randomly choose two numbers for our exercise. This example is simple enough such that we could have just called }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}twice  to  get  our  operands,  i.e.,  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nums = [randint\tab (1,10), randint(1,10)]}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, but we wanted to use a list comprehension so that you could see another example of its use as well as in case we wanted to upgrade this problem to take on more than just two numbers, similar to the reason why instead of cutting and pasting the same piece of code, we put it into a }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}loop.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Line 12 will only work in Python 2.4 and newer because that is when the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1679\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch reverse }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}flag was added to the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}list.sort() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}method (as well as the new }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}sorted() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function). If you are using an earlier Python version, you need to either:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3420{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95\tab Add an inverse comparison function to get a reverse sort, i.e.,}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3424\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch lambda }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x, y: cmp(y, x)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, or}{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3420{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95\tab Call }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nums.sort() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}followed by }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nums.reverse()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Don\uc1\u8217\'92t be afraid of }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if you have not seen it before.  We will cover it}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in  this  chapter,  but  for  now,  you  can  think  of  it  as  a  one-line  anonymous}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2640\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Line 13 is where }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}would have been used if you are using Python before 1.6. This call to the appropriate operation function would have been coded as }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply(ops[op], nums) }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}instead of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}ops[op](*nums)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 16\uc1\u8211\'9628 represent the controlling loop handling valid and invalid user}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2641\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch input. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}while }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}loop is \uc1\u8220\'93infinite,\uc1\u8221\'94 running until either the correct answer is given or the number of allowed attempts is exhausted, three in our case. It allows the program to accept erroneous input such as non-numbers, or vari- ous keyboard control characters. Once the user exceeds the maximum num- ber of tries, the answer is presented, and the user is \uc1\u8220\'93forced\uc1\u8221\'94 to enter the correct value, not proceeding until that has been done.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 30\uc1\u8211\'9641}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The main driver of the application is }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}main()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, called from the top level if the script is invoked directly. If imported, the importing function either manages the  execution  by  calling  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}doprob()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  or  calls  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}main() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for  program  control. }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}main() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}simply calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}doprob() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to engage the user in the main functionality}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of the script and prompts the user to quit or to try another problem.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Since  the  values  and  operators  are  chosen  randomly,  each  execution  of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}easyMath.py }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}should be different. Here is what we got today (oh, and your answers may vary as well!):}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ easyMath.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri7947\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 - 2 = 5 correct Again? [y]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri7947\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 * 6 = 42 correct Again? [y]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 * 3 = 20}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch incorrect... try again}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 * 3 = 22}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch incorrect... try again}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 * 3 = 23}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch sorry... the answer is}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 * 3 = 21}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri7947\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 * 3 = 21 correct Again? [y]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri7713\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7 - 5 = 2 correct Again? [y] n}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.3  Creating Functions}{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u21019 \uc0\u24314 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\sb80 1.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\sb80\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1003\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls4\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Statement}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def\uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 }{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functions are created using the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}statement, with a syntax like the following:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function_name}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arguments}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch "}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function_documentation_string}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function_body_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The header line consists of the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}keyword, the function name, and a set}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of arguments (if any). The remainder of the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}clause consists of an optional}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch but  highly  recommended  documentation  string  and  the  required  function}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1507\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch body suite. We have seen many function declarations throughout this text, and here is another:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}helloSomeone(who):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3468\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 'returns a salutory string customized with the input'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3525\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"Hello " + str(who)}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 2.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1003\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls4\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Declaration versus Definition}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 \uc0\u19982 \uc0\u23450 \uc0\u20041 \uc0\u27604 \uc0\u-28797 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Some  programming  languages  differentiate  between  function  declarations and  function  definitions.  A  function  declaration  consists  of  providing  the parser with the function name, and the names (and traditionally the types) of its arguments, without necessarily giving any lines of code for the function, which is usually referred to as the function definition.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In languages where there is a distinction, it is usually because the function definition may belong in a physically different location in the code from the function declaration. Python does not make a distinction between the two, as}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1508\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a function clause is made up of a declarative header line immediately followed by its defining suite.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.3.3  Forward References}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Like some other high-level languages, Python does not permit you to reference or call a function before it has been declared. We can try a few examples to illustrate this:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u21644 \uc0\u20854 \uc0\u20182 \uc0\u-25896 \uc0\u32423 \uc0\u-29715 \uc0\u-30208 \uc0\u31867 \uc0\u20284 ,Python}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u19979 \uc0\u-26782 \uc0\u32473 \uc0\u20986 \uc0\u20960 \uc0\u20010 \uc0\u20363 \uc0\u23376 \uc0\u26469 \uc0\u30475 \uc0\u19968 \uc0\u19979 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'in foo()'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we were to call }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}here, it would fail because }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}has not been}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch declared yet:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch    \uc0\u22914 \uc0\u26524 \uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(),\uc0\u-32593 \uc0\u23450 \uc0\u20250 \uc0\u22833 \uc0\u-29403 \uc0\u22240 \uc0\u20026 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 bar()\uc0\u-28712 \uc0\u27809 \uc0\u26377 \uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-227\li2452\ri5617\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Traceback (innermost last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2452\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch File "<stdin>", line 3, in foo}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch NameError: bar}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will now define }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, placing its declaration before }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8217\'92s declaration:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u29616 \uc0\u22312 \uc0\u23450 \uc0\u20041 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar(),\uc0\u22312 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 foo()\uc0\u21069 \uc0\u32473 \uc0\u20986 bar()\uc0\u30340 \uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'in bar()'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'in foo()'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Now we can safely call }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with no problems:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u29616 \uc0\u22312 \uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u-26786 \uc0\u24120 \uc0\u23433 \uc0\u20840 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(),\uc0\u-32756 \uc0\u19981 \uc0\u20250 \uc0\u20986 \uc0\u20219 \uc0\u20309 \uc0\u-27154 \uc0\u-26472 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri8067\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo() in foo() in bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In fact, we can even declare }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}before }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20107 \uc0\u23454 \uc0\u19978 ,\uc0\u25105 \uc0\u20204 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u22312 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()\uc0\u21069 \uc0\u23450 \uc0\u20041 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 foo():}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'in foo()'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'in bar()'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Amazingly enough, this code still works fine with no forward referencing problems:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u22826 \uc0\u31070 \uc0\u22855 \uc0\u20102 ,\uc0\u-28711 \uc0\u27573 \uc0\u20195 \uc0\u30721 \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u20197 \uc0\u-26786 \uc0\u24120 \uc0\u22909 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u-28720 \uc0\u-30644 ,\uc0\u19981 \uc0\u20250 \uc0\u26377 \uc0\u21069 \uc0\u-26782 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u-27154 \uc0\u-26472 :}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri8067\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo() in foo() in bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This  piece  of  code  is  fine  because  even  though  a  call  to  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(from }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) appears before }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8217\'92s definition, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}itself }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is not called before }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is declared. In other words, we declared  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, then }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, and }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}then }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}called }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, but by that time, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}existed already, so the call suc- ceeds.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2640\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Notice that the output of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}succeeded before the error came about. }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}NameError }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is the exception that is always raised when any uninitialized iden- tifiers are accessed.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2640\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 3.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1003\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls4\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Function Attributes}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u23646 \uc0\u24615 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will briefly discuss namespaces later on in this chapter, especially their relationship to variable scope. There will be a more in-depth treatment of namespaces in the next chapter; however, here we want to point out a basic feature of Python namespaces.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1679\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch You get a free one with every Python module, class, and function. You can have a variable named }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in modules }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, but can use them in your current application upon importing both modules. So even though the same variable  name  is  used  in  both  modules,  you  are  safe  because  the  dotted attribute  notation  implies  a  separate  namespace  for  both,  i.e.,  there  is  no naming conflict in this snippet of code:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo, bar}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo.x + bar.x}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Function attributes are another area of Python to use the dotted-attribute notation and have a namespace. (More on namespaces later on in this chapter}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch as well as Chapter 12 on Python modules.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3618\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 'foo() -- properly created doc string'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch pass}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar.__doc__ = 'Oops, forgot the doc str above'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar.version = 0.1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}above, we create our documentation string as normal, e.g., the first unassigned string after the function declaration. When declaring }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, we left everything out and just used the dotted-attribute notation to add its doc  string  as  well  as  another  attribute.  We  can  then  access  the  attributes freely.  Below  is  an  example  with  the  interactive  interpreter.  (As  you  may already be aware, using the built-in function }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}help() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}gives more of a pretty- printing format than just using the vanilla print of the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}__doc__ }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}attribute, but you can use either one you wish.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> help(foo)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Help on function foo in module __main__:}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo() -- properly created doc string}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar.version}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0.1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo.__doc__}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo() -- properly created doc string}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar.__doc__}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Oops, forgot the doc str above}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2643\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Notice how we can define the documentation string outside of the function declaration. Yet we can still access it at runtime just like normal. One thing that you cannot do, however, is get access to the attributes in the function declaration.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In other words, there is no such thing as a \uc1\u8220\'93self\uc1\u8221\'94 inside a function declaration so that you can make an assignment like }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}__dict__['version'] = 0.1}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. The rea- son for this is because the function object has not even been created yet, but afterward you have the function object and can add to its dictionary in the way we described above . . . another free namespace!}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Function attributes were added to Python in 2.1, and you can read more about them in PEP 232.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 4.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1003\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls4\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Inner or Nested Functions}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20869 \uc0\u-28440 /\uc0\u20869 \uc0\u23884 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch It is perfectly legitimate to create function (object)s inside other functions. That  is  the  definition  of  an  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}inner  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}or  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nested  function}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.  Because  Python  now supports statically nested scoping (introduced in 2.1 but standard as of 2.2), inner functions are actually useful now. It made no sense for older versions of Python, which only supported the global and one local scope. So how does one create a nested function?}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2457\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The (obvious) way to create an inner function is to define a function from within an outer function\uc1\u8217\'92s definition (using the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}keyword), as in:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3135\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'bar() called'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'foo() called'}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2457\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we stick this code in a module, say }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}inner.py}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, and run it, we get the fol- lowing output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch                                }{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri7713\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo() called bar() called}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-227\li2452\ri5155\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Traceback (most recent call last): File "inner.py", line 11, in ?}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch NameError: name 'bar' is not defined}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch One interesting aspect of inner functions is that they are wholly contained inside the outer function\uc1\u8217\'92s }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}scope }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(the places where you can access an object; more on scope later on in this chapter). If there are no outside references to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, it cannot be called from anywhere else except inside the outer func- tion, hence the reason for the exception you see at the end of execution in the above code snippet.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1475\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Another way of creating a function object while inside a(nother) function is by using the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}statement. We will cover this later on in section 11.7.1.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Inner functions turn into something special called }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}closures }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if the definition}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of  an  inner  function  contains  a  reference  to  an  object  defined  in  an  outer function. (It can even be beyond the immediately enclosing outer function too.) We will learn more about closures coming up in Section 11.8.4. In the next section, we will introduce decorators, but the example application also includes a preview of a closure.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20 5.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li4069\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1003\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li4069\ls4\ilvl0\itap0\tx4069{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch *Function (and Method) Decorators}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch *\uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-248 \uc0\u19982 \uc0\u26041 \uc0\u27861 \uc0\u-247 \uc0\u20462 \uc0\u-26256 \uc0\u31526 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1680\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The main motivation behind }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}decorators }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}came from Python object-oriented programming (OOP). Decorators are just \uc1\u8220\'93overlays\uc1\u8221\'94 on top of function calls. These overlays are just additional calls that are applied when a function or method is declared.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1677\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The syntax for decorators uses a leading \uc1\u8220\'93at-sign\uc1\u8221\'94 ( }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}@ }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) followed by the dec- orator function name and optional arguments. The line following the decora- tor  declaration  is  the  function  being  decorated,  along  with  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}its  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}optional arguments. It looks something like this:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @decorator(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}dec_opt_args}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0})}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func2Bdecorated(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func_opt_args}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch :}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch So how (and why) did this syntax come into being? What was the inspira- tion behind decorators? Well, when static and class methods were added to Python in 2.2, the idiom required to realize them was clumsy, confusing, and makes code less readable, i.e.,}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch class }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}MyClass(object):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3663\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}staticFoo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4023\ri7201\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch :}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3663\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch staticFoo = staticmethod(staticFoo)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4023\ri7201\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch :}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (It  was  clearly  stated  for  that  release  that  this  was  not  the  final  syntax}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch anyway.) Within this class declaration, we define a method named }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}static- Foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Now since this is intended to become a static method, we leave out the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}self }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}argument, which is required for standard class methods, as you will see in Chapter 12. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}staticmethod() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function is then used to}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2635\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93convert\uc1\u8221\'94 the function into a static method, but note how \uc1\u8220\'93sloppy\uc1\u8221\'94 it looks with }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}staticFoo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}followed by }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}staticFoo = staticmethod (sta- ticFoo)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. With decorators, you can now replace that piece of code with the following:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch class }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}MyClass(object):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @staticmethod}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}staticFoo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3064\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch :}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Furthermore, decorators can be \uc1\u8220\'93stacked\uc1\u8221\'94 like function calls, so here is a more general example with multiple decorators:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @deco2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @deco1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arg1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arg2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, ...): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pass}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This is equivalent to creating a }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}composite }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arg1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arg2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, ...): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pass}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func = deco2(deco1(func))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2455\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Function composition in math is defined like this: }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(g \uc1\u8226\'95 f)(x) = g(f(x))}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. For consistency in Python:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @g}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @f}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch :}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch . . . is the same as }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo = g(f(foo))}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Decorators With and Without Arguments}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u26377 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u21644 \uc0\u26080 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u20462 \uc0\u-26256 \uc0\u31526 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Yes the syntax is slightly mind-bending at first, but once you are comfortable with it, the only twist on top of that is when you use decorators with argu- ments. Without arguments, a decorator like:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @deco}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pass}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch . . . is pretty straightforward:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo = deco(foo)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1514\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Function composition without arguments (as seen above) follows. How- ever, a decorator }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}decomaker() }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arguments:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @decomaker(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}deco_args}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0})}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pass}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch . . . needs to itself return a decorator that takes the function as an argu- ment. In other words, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}decomaker() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}does something with }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}deco_args }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and returns a function object that is a decorator that takes }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}as its argument. To put it simply:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch foo = decomaker(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}deco_args}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0})(foo)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1514\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Here is an example featuring multiple decorators in which one takes an argument:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @deco1(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}deco_arg}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0})}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch @deco2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func(): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pass}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This is equivalent to:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func = deco1(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}deco_arg}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0})(deco2(func))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We hope that if you understand these examples here, things will become much clearer. We present a more useful yet still simple script below where the decorator does not take an argument. Example 11.8 is an intermediate script with a decorator that }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}does }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}take an argument.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch So What }{\s29\f0\fs28\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Are }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Decorators?}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20160 \uc0\u20040 \uc0\u26159 \uc0\u20462 \uc0\u-26256 \uc0\u31526 \uc0\u-225 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1680\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We know that decorators are really functions now. We also know that they take function objects. But what will they do with those functions? Generally, when you wrap a function, you eventually }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}call }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}it. The nice thing is that we can do that whenever it is appropriate for our wrapper. We can run some preliminary code before executing the function or some cleanup code afterward, like post- mortem analysis. It is up to the programmer. So when you see a decorator function,  be  prepared  to  find  some  code  in  it,  and  somewhere  embedded within its definition, a call or at least }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}some }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reference, to the target function.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This feature essentially introduces the concept that Java developers call AOP,}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1486\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch or aspect-oriented programming. You can place code in your decorators for con- cerns that cut across your application. For example, you can use decorators to:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3420{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95\tab Introduce logging}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-335\li3424\ri2724\s29\itap0\tx3420{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95\tab Insert timing logic (aka }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}instrumentation}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) for monitoring performance}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3420{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95\tab Add transactional capabilities to functions}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The ability to support decorators is very important for creating enterprise}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch applications in Python. You will see that the bullet points above correspond quite closely to our example below as well as Example 11.2.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Decorator Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20462 \uc0\u-26256 \uc0\u31526 \uc0\u20030 \uc0\u20363 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We have an extremely simple example below, but it should get you started in really understanding how decorators work. This example \uc1\u8220\'93decorates\uc1\u8221\'94 a (use- less) function by displaying the time that it was executed. It is a \uc1\u8220\'93timestamp decoration\uc1\u8221\'94 similar to the timestamp server that we discuss in Chapter 16.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.2   Example of Using a Function Decorator (deco.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This demonstration of a decorator (and closures) shows that it is merely a}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1824\ri2875\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93wrapper\uc1\u8221\'94 with which to \uc1\u8220\'93decorate\uc1\u8221\'94 (or overlay) a function, returning the altered function object and reassigning it to the original identifier, forever losing access to the original function object.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom609\shpright3050\shplid1962338763{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.1597in/0.3819in/1.5764in/0.1597in/0.3819in/1.5764in/0.1597in/0.3819in/1.5764in/; table-sdh:4b5eff0}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3071
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3071
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li130\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3071
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-649\s29\intbl\itap1\tx859\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li110\ri-77\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}time }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}ctime, sleep}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3539{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'[%s] %s() called' % (}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4020{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8\tab ctime(), func.__name__)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3539{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3060{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 10\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}wrappedFunc}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 12   @tsfunc}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 13   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3060{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 14\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pass}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 15}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 16   foo()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 17   sleep(4)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 18}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 19   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}i }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(2):}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3060{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 20\tab sleep(1)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3060{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 21\tab foo()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Running this script, we get the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [Sun Mar 19 22:50:28 2006] foo() called}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [Sun Mar 19 22:50:33 2006] foo() called}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [Sun Mar 19 22:50:34 2006] foo() called}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Line-by-Line Explanation}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-28656 \uc0\u-30644 \uc0\u-30237 \uc0\u-28214 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 5\uc1\u8211\'9610}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1474\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Following the startup and module import lines, the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}tsfunc() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function is a decorator that displays a timestamp (to standard output) of when a function is  called.  It  defines  an  inner  function  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}wrappedFunc()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  which  adds  the timestamp and calls the target function. The return value of the decorator is the \uc1\u8220\'93wrapped\uc1\u8221\'94 function.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1474\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Lines 12\uc1\u8211\'9621}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1682\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We define function }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with an empty body (which does nothing) and deco- rate it with }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}tsfunc()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. We then call it once as a proof-of-concept, wait four seconds, then call it twice more, pausing one second before each invocation.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1682\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch As a result, after it has been called once, the second time it is called should be five (4 + 1) seconds after the first call, and the third time around should only be one second after that. This corresponds perfectly to the program out- put seen above.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1500\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch You can read more about decorators in the Python Language Reference, the \uc1\u8220\'93What\uc1\u8217\'92s New in Python 2.4\uc1\u8221\'94 document, and the defining PEP 318.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li2597\ri-20 3	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li2597\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1004\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat3{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart3\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta }}\fn-1125\li2597\ls5\ilvl0\itap0\tx2597{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Passing Functions}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1471\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20256 \uc0\u-28654 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The concept of function pointers is an advanced topic when learning a language such as C, but not Python where functions are like any other object. They can be referenced (accessed or aliased to other variables), passed as arguments to functions, be elements of container objects such as lists and dictionaries, etc. The one unique characteristic of functions which may set them apart from other objects is that they are callable, i.e., they can be invoked via the function opera- tor. (There are other callables in Python. For more information, see Chapter 14.) In the description above, we noted that functions can be aliases to other variables. Because all objects are passed by reference, functions are no dif- ferent. When assigning to another variable, you are assigning the reference to the same object; and if that object is a function, then all aliases to that same object are callable:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4079{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'in foo()'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> bar = foo}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch When we assigned }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, we are assigning the same function object}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, thus we can invoke }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in the same way we call }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Be sure}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch you  understand  the  difference  between  \uc1\u8220\'93}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8221\'94  (reference  of  the  function}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch object) and \uc1\u8220\'93}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8221\'94 (invocation of the function object).}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Taking our reference example a bit further, we can even pass functions in}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch as arguments to other functions for invocation:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar(argfunc):}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3120{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab argfunc()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> bar(foo)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2636\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Note  that  it  is  the  function  object  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}that  is  being  passed  to  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is the function that actually calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(which has been aliased to the local variable }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}argfunc }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in the same way that we assigned }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in the previous example). Now let us examine a more realistic example, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}numconv.py}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, whose code is given in Example 11.3.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.3   Passing and Calling (Built-in) Functions}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (numConv.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch A more realistic example of passing functions as arguments and invoking them}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri2604\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch from within the function. This script simply converts a sequence of numbers to the same type using the conversion function that is passed in. In particular, the}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri2771\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch test() }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function passes in a built-in function }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}int()}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}long()}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, or }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}float() }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to perform the conversion.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}convert(func, seq):}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3019{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 4\tab 'conv. sequence of numbers to same type'}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3019{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 5\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[func(eachNum) }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachNum }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq]}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 6}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab myseq = (123, 45.67, -6.2e8, 999999999L)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}convert(int, myseq)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}convert(long, myseq)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2170\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 10   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}convert(float, myseq)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we were to run this program, we would get the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ numconv.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [123, 45, -620000000, 999999999]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [123L, 45L, -620000000L, 999999999L]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [123.0, 45.67, -620000000.0, 999999999.0]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.5  Formal Arguments}{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch A Python function\uc1\u8217\'92s set of formal arguments consists of all parameters passed}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to the function on invocation for which there is an exact correspondence to those  of  the  argument  list  in  the  function  declaration.  These  arguments include all required arguments (passed to the function in correct positional order), keyword arguments (passed in or out of order, but which have key- words present to match their values to their proper positions in the argument list), and all arguments that have default values that may or may not be part}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of the function call. For all of these cases, a name is created for that value in the (newly created) local namespace and it can be accessed as soon as the function begins execution.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.5.1  Positional Arguments}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch These are the standard vanilla parameters that we are all familiar with. Posi- tional arguments must be passed in the exact order in which they are defined for the functions that are called. Also, without the presence of any default arguments  (see  next  section),  the  exact  number  of  arguments  passed  to  a function (call) must be exactly the number declared:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx5899{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo(who):\tab # defined for only 1 argument}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4079{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'Hello', who}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri3034\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0\tx5899{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo()\tab # 0 arguments... BAD Traceback (innermost last):}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3411\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch TypeError: not enough arguments; expected 1, got 0}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri2906\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0\tx5919{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo('World!')\tab # 1 argument... WORKS Hello World!}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri3024\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo('Mr.', 'World!')# 2 arguments... BAD Traceback (innermost last):}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3411\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch TypeError: too many arguments; expected 1, got 2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function has one positional argument. That means that any call}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}must have exactly one argument, no more, no less. You will become}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch extremely  familiar  with  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}TypeError }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}otherwise.  Note  how  informative  the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python errors are. As a general rule, all positional arguments for a function}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch must be provided whenever you call it. They may be passed into the function}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch call in position or out of position, granted that a keyword argument is pro-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch vided to match it to its proper position in the argument list (review Section}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2469\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.2.2). Default arguments, however, do not have to be provided because of their nature.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1140\li3123\ri-20 2.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1140\li3123\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1005\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat2{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart2\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1140\li3123\ls6\ilvl0\itap0\tx3123{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default Arguments}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-24872 \uc0\u-29788 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default arguments are parameters that are defined to have a default value if one is not provided in the function call for that argument. Such definitions are given in the function declaration header line. C++ supports default argu- ments too and has the same syntax as Python: the argument name is followed by an \uc1\u8220\'93assignment\uc1\u8221\'94 of its default value. This assignment is merely a syntacti- cal way of indicating that this assignment will occur if no value is passed in for that argument.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2457\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The  syntax  for  declaring  variables  with  default  values  in  Python  is  such that all positional arguments must come before any default arguments:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}posargs, defarg1=dval1, defarg2=dval2,...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch "}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function_documentation_string"}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function_body_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2440\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Each  default  argument  is  followed  by  an  assignment  statement  of  its default value. If no value is given during a function call, then this assignment}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch is realized.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Why Default Arguments?}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20026 \uc0\u20160 \uc0\u20040 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u-24872 \uc0\u-29788 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-225 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default  arguments  add  a  wonderful  level  of  robustness  to  applications because  they  allow  for  some  flexibility  that  is  not  offered  by  the  standard positional parameters. That gift comes in the form of simplicity for the appli- cations programmer. Life is not as complicated when there are a fewer num- ber of parameters that one needs to worry about. This is especially helpful when one is new to an API interface and does not have enough knowledge to provide more targeted values as arguments.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2440\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The  concept  of  using  default  arguments  is  analogous  to  the  process  of installing  software  on  your  computer.  How  often  does  one  choose  the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2641\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93default  install\uc1\u8221\'94  over  the  \uc1\u8220\'93custom  install?\uc1\u8221\'94  I  would  say  probably  almost always. It is a matter of convenience and know-how, not to mention a time- saver.  And  if  you  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}are  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}one  of  those  gurus  who  always  chooses  the  custom install, please keep in mind that you are one of the minority.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Another advantage goes to the developers, who are given more control over the software they create for their consumers. When providing default values, they can selectively choose the \uc1\u8220\'93best\uc1\u8221\'94 default value possible, thereby hoping}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to give the user some freedom of not having to make that choice. Over time,}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch as the users becomes more familiar with the system or API, they may eventu- ally be able to provide their own parameter values, no longer requiring the use of \uc1\u8220\'93training wheels.\uc1\u8221\'94}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1514\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Here is one example where a default argument comes in handy and has some usefulness in the growing electronic commerce industry:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:2.2111in; table-column-props:0.5931in/0.9500in/1.2264in/0.5931in/0.9500in/1.2264in/0.5931in/0.9500in/1.2264in/; table-sdh:4ad83b8}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft3183\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4059\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx5427\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx7193
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}taxMe(cost,}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}rate=0.0825):}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft3183\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4059\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx5427\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx7193
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}...}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}cost}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li56\ri-58\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}+ (cost * rate)}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft3183\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4059\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx5427\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx7193
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}...}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\sb40\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}>>> taxMe(100)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 108.25}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> taxMe(100, 0.05)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 105.0}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In the example above, the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}taxMe() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function takes the cost of an item and produces  a  total  sale  amount  with  sales  tax  added.  The  cost  is  a  required parameter while the tax rate is a default argument (in our example, 8.25%). Perhaps you are an online retail merchant, with most of your customers com- ing from the same state or county as your business. Consumers from locations with different tax rates would like to see their purchase totals with their corre- sponding sales tax rates. To override the default, all you have to do is provide your argument value, such as the case with }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}taxMe(100}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}0.05) }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in the above example. By specifying a }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}rate }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}of 5%, you provided an argument as the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}rate }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}parameter, thereby overriding or bypassing its default value of 0.0825.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch All  required  parameters  must  be  placed  before  any  default  arguments. Why?  Simply  because  they  are  mandatory,  whereas  default  arguments  are not. Syntactically, it would be impossible for the interpreter to decide which values match which arguments if mixed modes were allowed. A }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}SyntaxError}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch is raised if the arguments are not given in the correct order:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}taxMe2(rate=0.0825, cost):}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4079{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}cost * (1.0 + rate)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Let  us  take  a  look  at  keyword  arguments  again,  using  our  old  friend}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn(host, port):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch As  you  will  recall,  this  is  where  you  can  provide  your  arguments  out  of}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2450\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch order (positionally) if you name the arguments. With the above declarations, we can make the following (regular) positional or keyword argument calls:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn('kappa', 8000)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn(port=8080, host='chino')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2639\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch However, if we bring default arguments into the equation, things change, although  the  above  calls  are  still  valid.  Let  us  modify  the  declaration  of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}such that the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}port }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}parameter has a default value of 80 and add another  argument  named  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}stype }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(for  server  type)  with  a  default  value  of}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 'tcp'}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn(host, port=80, stype='tcp'):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch net_conn_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2456\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We have just expanded the number of ways we can call }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. The following are all valid calls to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6399{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn('phaze', 8000, 'udp')\tab # no def args used}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6399{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn('kappa')\tab # both def args used}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6399{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn('chino', stype='icmp')\tab # use port def arg}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn(stype='udp', host='solo') # use port def arg}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6399{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn('deli', 8080)\tab # use stype def arg}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6399{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 net_conn(port=81, host='chino')\tab # use stype def arg}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch What is the one constant we see in all of the above examples? The sole required  parameter,  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}host}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.  There  is  no  default  value  for  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}host}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  thus  it  is expected in all calls to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}net_conn()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Keyword arguments prove useful for providing for out-of-order positional}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arguments,  but,  coupled  with  default  arguments,  they  can  also  be  used  to}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93skip over\uc1\u8221\'94 missing arguments as well, as evidenced from our examples above.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default Function Object Argument Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-24872 \uc0\u-29788 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u23545 \uc0\u-29599 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u20030 \uc0\u20363 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2640\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will now present yet another example of where a default argument may prove beneficial. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}grabWeb.py }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}script, given in Example 11.4, is a simple script whose main purpose is to grab a Web page from the Internet and tem- porarily store it to a local file for analysis. This type of application can be used}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to test the integrity of a Web site\uc1\u8217\'92s pages or to monitor the load on a server}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (by measuring connectability or download speed). The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}process() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function can be anything we want, presenting an infinite number of uses. The one we chose  for  this  exercise  displays  the  first  and  last  non-blank  lines  of  the retrieved Web page. Although this particular example may not prove too useful}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2469\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in the real world, you can imagine what kinds of applications you can build on top of this code.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.4   Grabbing Web Pages (grabWeb.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri1649\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This script downloads a Web page (defaults to local www server) and displays the first and last non-blank lines of the HTML file. Flexibility is added due to both default arguments of the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}download() }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function, which will allow overriding with different URLs or specification of a different processing function.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}urllib }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}urlretrieve}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom437\shpright3480\shplid330729895{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.1597in/0.3819in/1.8750in/0.1597in/0.3819in/1.8750in/; table-sdh:4b60a88}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3501
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li130\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3501
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-90\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 4}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if not }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachLine.strip():}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4940{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}continue}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}else}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4940{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom2030\shpright10620\shplid1858812929{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/2.1833in/0.3472in/4.8444in/; table-sdh:4b61eb0}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2858\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2858\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li80\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2858\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:3; bot-attach:4; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2856\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:3; bot-attach:4; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:3; bot-attach:4; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:4; bot-attach:5; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2856\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:4; bot-attach:5; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:4; bot-attach:5; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:5; bot-attach:6; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2856\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:5; bot-attach:6; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:5; bot-attach:6; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:6; bot-attach:7; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2856\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:6; bot-attach:7; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:6; bot-attach:7; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:7; bot-attach:8; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2858\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:7; bot-attach:8; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:7; bot-attach:8; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:8; bot-attach:9; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2858\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:8; bot-attach:9; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:8; bot-attach:9; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:9; bot-attach:10; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3165\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3665\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2858\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:9; bot-attach:10; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li80\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:9; bot-attach:10; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 10\tab }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachLine}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 21\tab process=firstLast):}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 22\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}try}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 23\tab retval = urlretrieve(url)[0]}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 24\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}except }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}IOError:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 25\tab retval = None}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980\tx6380{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 26\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}retval:\tab # do some processing}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 27\tab process(retval)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 28}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 29   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}__name__ == '__main__':}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 30\tab download()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Running  this  script  in  our  environment  gives  the  following  output,}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1507\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch although your mileage will definitely vary since you will be viewing a com- pletely different Web page altogether.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ grabWeb.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch </HTML>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1004\li2748\ri-20 6	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1004\li2748\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1006\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat6{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart6\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta }}\fn-1004\li2748\ls7\ilvl0\itap0\tx2748{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Variable-Length Arguments}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u21487 \uc0\u21464 \uc0\u-27265 \uc0\u24230 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2638\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch There  may  be  situations  where  your  function  is  required  to  process  an unknown number of arguments. These are called }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}variable-length argument lists}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Variable-length arguments are not named explicitly in function declara- tions  because  the  number  of  arguments  is  unknown  before  runtime  (and even during execution, the number of arguments may be different on succes- sive  calls),  an  obvious  difference  from  formal  arguments  (positional  and default), which }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}are }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}named in function declarations. Python supports variable- length arguments in two ways because function calls provide for both key- word and non-keyword argument types.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In Section 11.2.4, we looked at how you can use the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}* }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}** }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}characters}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in function calls to specify grouped sets of arguments, non-keyword and key-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch word arguments. In this section, we will see the same symbols again, but this time in function declarations, to signify the receipt of such arguments when functions are called. This syntax allows functions to accept more than just the declared formal arguments as defined in the function declaration.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1080\li4567\ri-20 6.1.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1080\li4567\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1007\abilistparentid1006\abilistlevel2\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnprev\pnlvl9\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1080\li4567\ls8\ilvl1\itap0\tx4567{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Non-keyword Variable Arguments (Tuple)}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3487\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u-26786 \uc0\u20851 \uc0\u-27346 \uc0\u23383 \uc0\u21464 \uc0\u-28209 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-248 Tuple\uc0\u-247 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch When a function is invoked, all formal (required and default) arguments are assigned to their corresponding local variables as given in the function decla- ration.  The  remaining  non-keyword  variable  arguments  are  inserted  in order into a tuple for access. Perhaps you are familiar with \uc1\u8220\'93varargs\uc1\u8221\'94 in C}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (i.e., }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}va_list}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}va_arg}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, and the ellipsis [ }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}... }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}]). Python provides equivalent support\uc1\u8212\'97iterating over the tuple elements is the same as using }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}va_arg }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in C. For those who are }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}not }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}familiar with C or varargs, they just represent the syn- tax for accepting a variable (not fixed) number of arguments passed in a func- tion call.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The variable-length argument tuple must follow all positional and default parameters, and the general syntax for functions with tuple or non-keyword variable arguments is as follows:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function_name}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[formal_args,] }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}*}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}vargs_tuple}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2698\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch "}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function_documentation_string"}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2698\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function_body_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2640\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The asterisk operator ( }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}* }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) is placed in front of the variable that will hold all remaining arguments once all the formal parameters if have been exhausted. The tuple is empty if there are no additional arguments given.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch As we saw earlier, a }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}TypeError }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}exception is generated whenever an incorrect number of arguments is given in the function invocation. By adding a variable argument list variable at the end, we can handle the situation when more than enough  arguments  are  passed  to  the  function  because  all  the  extra  (non- keyword) ones will be added to the variable argument tuple. (Extra keyword arguments require a keyword variable argument parameter [see the next section].) As expected, all formal arguments must precede informal arguments for the same reason that positional arguments must come before keyword arguments.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}tupleVarArgs(arg1, arg2='defaultB', *theRest):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3632\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 'display regular args and non-keyword variable args'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li3640\ri4622\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'formal arg 1:', arg1 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'formal arg 2:', arg1 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachXtrArg }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}theRest:}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4095\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'another arg:', eachXtrArg}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will now invoke this function to show how variable argument tuples work:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> tupleVarArgs('abc')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom487\shpright10620\shplid28041959{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:2.8479in/0.2375in/4.2896in/2.8479in/0.2375in/4.2896in/2.8479in/0.2375in/4.2896in/; table-sdh:4b7cd28}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4122\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4464\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2876\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4122\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4464\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2876\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4122\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4464\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> tupleVarArgs(23, 4.56)}{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.1944in; table-column-props:2.8479in/0.2375in/4.2896in/2.8479in/0.2375in/4.2896in/2.8479in/0.2375in/4.2896in/; table-sdh:4af5d80}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft279\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4402\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4744\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10921
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2878\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}formal arg}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}1:}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}23}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft279\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4402\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4744\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10921
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2878\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}formal arg}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}2:}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}4.56}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft279\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4402\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx4744\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10921
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2896\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}>>>}\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\sb40\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}>>> tupleVarArgs('abc', 123, 'xyz', 456.789)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri5820\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch formal arg 1: abc formal arg 2: 123 another arg: xyz another arg: 456.789}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1080\li4567\ri-20 6.2.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1080\li4567\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1007\abilistparentid1006\abilistlevel2\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnprev\pnlvl9\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1080\li4567\ls8\ilvl1\itap0\tx4567{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Keyword Variable Arguments (Dictionary)}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3487\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20851 \uc0\u-27346 \uc0\u23383 \uc0\u21464 \uc0\u-28209 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u-248 Dictionary\uc0\u-247 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In the case where we have a variable number or extra set of keyword argu- ments,  these  are  placed  into  a  dictionary  where  the  \uc1\u8220\'93keyworded\uc1\u8221\'94  argument variable names are the keys, and the arguments are their corresponding values. Why  must  it  be  a  dictionary?  Because  a  pair  of  items  is  given  for  every argument\uc1\u8212\'97the name of the argument and its value\uc1\u8212\'97it is a natural fit to use a dictionary to hold these arguments. Here is the syntax of function definitions that use the variable argument dictionary for extra keyword arguments:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function_name}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[formal_args,][}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}*}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}vargst,] **vargsd}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri4322\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function_documentation_string function_body_suite}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch To differentiate keyword variable arguments from non-keyword informal}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2638\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arguments, a double asterisk ( }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}** }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) is used. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}** }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is overloaded so as not to be confused with exponentiation. The keyword variable argument dictionary should be the last parameter of the function definition prepended with the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch '**'}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. We now present an example of how to use such a dictionary:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}dictVarArgs(arg1, arg2='defaultB', **theRest):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 'display 2 regular args and keyword variable args'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'formal arg1:', arg1}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'formal arg2:', arg2}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachXtrArg }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}theRest.keys():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3135\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'Xtra arg %s: %s' % \\}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3591\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (eachXtrArg, str(theRest[eachXtrArg]))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Executing this code in the interpreter, we get the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> dictVarArgs(1220, 740.0, c='grail')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch formal arg1: 1220}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch formal arg2: 740.0}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Xtra arg c: grail}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> dictVarArgs(arg2='tales', c=123, d='poe', arg1='mystery')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri6784\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom660\shpright1710\shplid477996339{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.6729in/0.2375in/0.2771in/0.6729in/0.2375in/0.2771in/0.6729in/0.2375in/0.2771in/; table-sdh:4b6c768}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx990\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1332\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1731
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-26\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx990\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1332\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1731
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-26\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx990\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1332\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1731
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch formal arg1: mystery formal arg2: tales}{\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> dictVarArgs('one', d=10, e='zoo', men=('freud', 'gaudi'))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri6663\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch formal arg1: one formal arg2: defaultB}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri5388\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Xtra arg men: ('freud', 'gaudi') Xtra arg d: 10}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Xtra arg e: zoo}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Both keyword and non-keyword variable arguments may be used in the same function as long as the keyword dictionary is last and is preceded by the non-keyword tuple, as in the following example:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}newfoo(arg1, arg2, *nkw, **kw):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch display regular args and all variable args'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2679\ri6152\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'arg1 is:', arg1 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'arg2 is:', arg2 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachNKW }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nkw:}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3136\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print 'additional non-keyword arg:', eachNKW}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachKW }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}kw.keys():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3135\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"additional keyword arg '%s': %s" % \\}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3591\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (eachKW, kw[eachKW])}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Calling our function within the interpreter, we get the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> newfoo('wolf', 3, 'projects', freud=90, gamble=96)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri6641\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg1 is: wolf arg2 is: 3}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri3952\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch additional non-keyword arg: projects additional keyword arg 'freud': 90 additional keyword arg 'gamble': 96}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.6.3  Calling Functions with}{\s29\cf3\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0} Variable}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li3904\ri4809\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Argument Objects}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li3904\ri4809\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u19981 \uc0\u21516 \uc0\u30340 \uc0\u21442 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u23545 \uc0\u-29599 \uc0\u-29693 \uc0\u29992 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1678\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Above in Section 11.2.4, we introduced the use of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}* }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}** }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to specify sets of arguments in a function call. Here we will show you more examples of that syntax, with a slight bias toward functions accepting variable arguments.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1678\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will now use our friend }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}newfoo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, defined in the previous section, to test the new calling syntax. Our first call to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}newfoo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}will use the old-style method of listing all arguments individually, even the variable arguments that follow all the formal arguments:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> newfoo(10, 20, 30, 40, foo=50, bar=60)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg1 is: 10}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg2 is: 20}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri4418\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch additional non-keyword arg: 30 additional non-keyword arg: 40 additional keyword arg 'foo': 50 additional keyword arg 'bar': 60}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will now make a similar call; however, instead of listing the variable arguments  individually,  we  will  put  the  non-keyword  arguments  in  a  tuple and the keyword arguments in a dictionary to make the call:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> newfoo(2, 4, *(6, 8), **\{'foo': 10, 'bar': 12\})}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg1 is: 2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg2 is: 4}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri4418\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch additional non-keyword arg: 6 additional non-keyword arg: 8 additional keyword arg 'foo': 10 additional keyword arg 'bar': 12}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1514\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Finally, we will make another call but build our tuple and dictionary out- side of the function invocation:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> aTuple = (6, 7, 8)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> aDict = \{'z': 9\}}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> newfoo(1, 2, 3, x=4, y=5, *aTuple, **aDict)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg1 is: 1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch arg2 is: 2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2223\ri5809\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch additional non-keyword arg: 3 additional non-keyword arg: 6 additional non-keyword arg: 7 additional non-keyword arg: 8 additional keyword arg 'z': 9 additional keyword arg 'x': 4 additional keyword arg 'y': 5}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Notice how our tuple and dictionary arguments make only a subset of the final  tuple  and  dictionary  received  within  the  function  call.  The  additional non-keyword  value  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'3' }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and  keyword  pairs  for  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'x' }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'y' }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}were  also included in the final argument lists even though they were not part of the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch '*' }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'**' }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}variable argument parameters.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Prior to 1.6, variable objects could only be passed to  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch function  object  for  invocation.  This  current  calling  syntax  effectively  obso-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2455\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch letes the use of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Below is an example of using these symbols to call any function object with any type of parameter set.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functional Programming Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u24335 \uc0\u32534 \uc0\u31243 \uc0\u20030 \uc0\u20363 }{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Another  useful  application  of  functional  programming  comes  in  terms  of debugging or performance measurement. You are working on functions that need to be fully tested or run through regressions every night, or that need to be timed over many iterations for potential improvements. All you need to do}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2639\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch is to create a diagnostic function that sets up the test environment, then calls the function in question. Because this system should be flexible, you want to allow the testee function to be passed in as an argument. So a pair of such functions, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}timeit() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}testit()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, would probably be useful to the soft- ware developer today.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will now present the source code to one such example of a }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}testit() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function (see Example 11.5). We will leave a }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}timeit() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function as an exer- cise for the reader (see Exercise 11.12).}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This module provides an execution test environment for functions. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}testit() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function  takes  a  function  and  arguments,  then  invokes  that function with the given arguments under the watch of an exception han- dler. If the function completes successfully, a }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return value packaged with the return value of the function is sent back to the caller. Any failure causes  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}False }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to  be  returned  along  with  the  reason  for  the  exception.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Exception }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is the root class for all runtime exceptions; review Chapter 10}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for details.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.5  Testing Functions (testit.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri1550\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch testit() }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}invokes a given function with its arguments, returning }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}packaged with the return value of the function on success or }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}False }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with the cause of failure.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}testit(func, *nkwargs, **kwargs):}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 4}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 5\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}try}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 6\tab retval = func(*nkwargs, **kwargs)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab result = (True, retval)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}except }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Exception, diag:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab result = (False, str(diag))}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 10\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}result}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 12   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}test():}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 13\tab funcs = (int, long, float)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 14\tab vals = (1234, 12.34, '1234', '12.34')}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 15}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 16\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachFunc }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}funcs:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 17\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'-' * 20}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4459{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 18\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachVal }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}vals:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4940{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 19\tab retval = testit(eachFunc,}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6860{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 20\tab eachVal)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4940{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 21\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}retval[0]:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx5420{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 22\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'%s(%s) =' % \\}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 23\tab (eachFunc.__name__, `eachVal`), retval[1]}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4940{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 24\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}else}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx5420{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 25\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'%s(%s) = FAILED:' % \\}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 26\tab (eachFunc.__name__, `eachVal`), retval[1]}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 27}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 28   }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}__name__ == '__main__':}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 29\tab test()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The unit tester function }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}test() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}runs a set of numeric conversion func-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch tions on an input set of four numbers. There are two failure cases in this test}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch set to confirm such functionality. Here is the output of running the script:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ testit.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri5824\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch -------------------- int(1234) = 1234 int(12.34) = 12 int('1234') = 1234}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch int('12.34') = FAILED: invalid literal for int(): 12.34}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri5824\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch -------------------- long(1234) = 1234L}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch long(12.34) = 12L}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch long('1234') = 1234L}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch long('12.34') = FAILED: invalid literal for long(): 12.34}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri6545\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch -------------------- float(1234) = 1234.0 float(12.34) = 12.34 float('1234') = 1234.0 float('12.34') = 12.34}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1004\li2748\ri-20 7	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1004\li2748\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1006\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat6{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart6\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta }}\fn-1004\li2748\ls7\ilvl0\itap0\tx2748{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Functional Programming}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u24335 \uc0\u32534 \uc0\u31243 }{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python is not and will probably not ever claim to be a functional programming language, but it does support a number of valuable functional programming con- structs. There are also some that behave like functional programming mecha- nisms  but  may  not  be  traditionally  considered  as  such.  What  Python  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}does }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}provide comes in the form of four built-in functions and lambda expressions.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1080\li4567\ri-20 7.1.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1080\li4567\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1008\abilistparentid1006\abilistlevel2\abistartat1{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart1\pnprev\pnlvl9\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1080\li4567\ls9\ilvl1\itap0\tx4567{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Anonymous Functions and }{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3487\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u21311 \uc0\u21517 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 \uc0\u19982 }{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python allows one to create }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}anonymous functions }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}using the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}keyword. They are \uc1\u8220\'93anonymous\uc1\u8221\'94 because they are not declared in the standard manner, i.e., using the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}statement. (Unless assigned to a local variable, such objects do not create a name in any namespace either.) However, as functions, they may also have arguments. An entire lambda \uc1\u8220\'93statement\uc1\u8221\'94 represents an expres- sion, and the body of that expression must also be given on the same line as the declaration. We now present the syntax for anonymous functions:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arg1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[, }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}arg2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, ... }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}argN}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}]]: }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}expression}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Arguments are optional, and if used, are usually part of the expression as well.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2128\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch CORE NOTE: }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}expression returns callable function object}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2128\ri3033\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Calling }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with an appropriate expression yields a function object that can be used like any other function.They can be passed to other functions, aliased with additional references, be members of container objects, and as callable objects, be invoked (with any arguments, if necessary). When called, these objects will yield a result equivalent to the same expression if given the same arguments.They are indistinguishable}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2128\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch from functions that return the evaluation of an equivalent expression.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1477\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Before we look at any examples using  }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, we would like to review single-line statements and then show the resemblances to lambda expressions.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}true():}{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3673\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1677\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The above function takes no arguments and always returns }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Single line functions in Python may be written on the same line as the header. Given that, we can rewrite our }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}true() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function so that it looks something like the following:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}true(): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi313\li2704\ri1676\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We will present the named functions in this manner for the duration of this chapter because it helps one visualize their lambda equivalents. For our }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}true() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function,  the  equivalent  expression  (no  arguments,  returns  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}) using }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:True}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Usage of the named }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}true() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function is fairly obvious, but not for }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Do we just use it as is, or do we need to assign it somewhere? A lambda func- tion by itself serves no purpose, as we see here:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:True}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <function <lambda> at f09ba0>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In  the  above  example,  we  simply  used  }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to  create  a  function}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (object), but did not save it anywhere nor did we call it. The reference count}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for this function object is set to True on creation of the function object, but because no reference is saved, goes back down to zero and is garbage-collected. To keep the object around, we can save it into a variable and invoke it any time after. Perhaps now is a good opportunity:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> true = }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:True}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri6991\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> true() True}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Assigning it looks much more useful here. Likewise, we can assign lambda expressions to a data structure such as a list or tuple where, based on some input criteria, we can choose which function to execute as well as what the arguments would be. (In the next section, we will show how to use lambda expressions with functional programming constructs.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Let us now design a function that takes two numeric or string arguments and returns the sum for numbers or the concatenated string. We will show the standard function first, followed by its unnamed equivalent.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3424\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx7060{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add(x, y): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x + y  \'db\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x, y: x + y}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Default and variable arguments are permitted as well, as indicated in the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch following examples:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}usuallyAdd2(x, y=2): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x+y \'db   }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x, y=2: x+y}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6320{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}showAllAsTuple(*z): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}z\tab \'db  }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}*z: z}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Seeing is one thing, so we will now try to make you believe by showing how you can try them in the interpreter:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> a = }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x, y=2: x + y}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> a(3)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 5}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> a(3,5)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> a(0)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> a(0,9)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> b = }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}*z: z}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> b(23, 'zyx')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (23, 'zyx')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> b(42)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (42,)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch One final word on }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}: Although it appears that }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is a one-line version  of  a  function,  it  is  not  equivalent  to  an  \uc1\u8220\'93inline\uc1\u8221\'94  statement  in  C++, whose  purpose  is  bypassing  function  stack  allocation  during  invocation  for performance reasons. A lambda expression works just like a function, creating}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a frame object when called.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.7.2  Built-in Functions: }{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply()}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0},}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filter()}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map()}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc0\u20869 \uc0\u24314 \uc0\u20989 \uc0\u25968 apply()}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc0\u12289 }{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter()\uc0\u12289 map()}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc0\u12289 }{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs32\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In  this  section,  we  will  look  at  the  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in functions as well as give some examples to show how they can be used. These functions provide the functional programming features found in Python. A summary of these functions is given in Table 11.2. All take}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a function object to somehow invoke.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch As you may imagine, lambda functions fit nicely into applications using any}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2446\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of these functions because all of them take a function object with which to exe- cute, and }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}provides a mechanism for creating functions on the fly.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Table 11.2   Functional Programming Built-in Functions}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Built-in Function\tab Description}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-3325\li6110\ri1588\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch apply(}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nkw}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}][, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}kw}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}a\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with optional arguments, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nkw }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for non-keyword arguments and }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}kw }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for keyword arguments; the return value is}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li6110\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch the return value of the function call}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-3325\li6110\ri1575\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filter(}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func, seq}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0})}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}b\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Invokes Boolean function }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}iteratively over each element of }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}; returns a sequence for those elements for which }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}returned true}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-3325\li6110\ri1575\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-63\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch map(}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq1}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[,}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}...])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}b}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Applies function }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to each element of given sequence(s) and provides return values in a list; if }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is None, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}behaves as the identity function, returning a list consisting of }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-tuples for sets of elements of each sequence}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch reduce(}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[, }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}init}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}])\tab Applies binary function }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li6110\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch elements of sequence }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, taking a pair}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li6110\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch at a time (previous result and next}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li6110\ri1676\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch sequence item), continually applying the current result with the next value to obtain the succeeding result, finally reducing our sequence to a single return value; if initial value }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}init }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}given, first compare will be of }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}init }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and first sequence element rather than the first two sequence elements}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri3229\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0\tx3039{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a.\tab  Effectively deprecated in 1.6 to be phased out in future versions of Python. b.\tab Partially deprecated by list comprehensions introduced in Python 2.0.}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch *apply()}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch As mentioned before, the calling syntax for functions, which now allow for}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1679\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a  tuple  of  variable  arguments  as  well  as  a  dictionary  of  keyword  variable arguments, effectively deprecates }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}as of Python 1.6. The function will be phased out and eventually removed in a future version of Python. We mention it here for historical purposes as well as for those maintaining code that uses }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}apply()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filter()}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The second built-in function we examine in this chapter is }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Imagine going to an orchard and leaving with a bag of apples you picked off the trees. Wouldn\uc1\u8217\'92t it be nice if you could run the entire bag through a filter to keep just the good ones? That is the main premise of the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Given a sequence of objects and a \uc1\u8220\'93filtering\uc1\u8221\'94 function, run each item of the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch sequence through the filter, and keep only the ones that the function returns true for. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function calls the given Boolean function for each item  of  the  provided  sequence.  Each  item  for  which  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}returns  a non-zero (true) value is appended to a list. The object that is returned is a}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93filtered\uc1\u8221\'94 sequence of the original.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2459\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we were to code }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in pure Python, it might look something like this:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bool_func}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2690\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filtered_seq = []}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2690\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachItem }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3146\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch if }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bool_func}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(eachItem):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3602\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filtered_seq.append(eachItem)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2712\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filtered_seq}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2459\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch One way to understand }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}better is by visualizing its behavior. Fig- ure 11\uc1\u8211\'961 attempts to do just that.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In  Figure  11\uc1\u8211\'961,  we  observe  our  original  sequence  at  the  top,  items }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq[0]}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},   }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq[1]}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, . . . }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq[N-1] }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for a sequence of size N. For each call to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bool_func()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  i.e.,  }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bool_func}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[0])}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bool_func}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(}{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[1])}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  etc.,  a return value of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}False }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}or }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}comes back (as per the definition of a Boolean function\uc1\u8212\'97ensure that indeed your function does return one or the other). If }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bool_func() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}returns }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}True }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for any sequence item, that element is inserted}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3157\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq}{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li135\ri-55\s29\itap0\tx839\tx1559{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq[0]\tab seq[1]\tab seq[2]}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [}{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq[}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1]}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3065\ri-20\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom633\shpright3437\shplid62714499{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.7361in/0.5000in/1.1507in/0.7361in/0.5000in/1.1507in/; table-sdh:4b6df90}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.500000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3458
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li1323\ri1304\sb60\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li291\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\tx3440\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1081\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3458
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-24\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom360\shpright100\shplid1265130369{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-24\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93filtered\uc1\u8221\'94}{\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2959\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filtered_seq}{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-27\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq[1]}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-27\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq[2]}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch filter()}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3858\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (filtered_seq[0])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (filtered_seq[1])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'961   }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}How the filter() built-in function works}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1508\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch into the return sequence. When iteration over the entire sequence has been completed, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}returns the newly created sequence.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We present below a script that shows one way to use }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to obtain a}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch short list of random odd numbers. The script generates a larger set of ran-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1677\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch dom numbers first, then filters out all the even numbers, leaving us with the desired dataset. When we first coded this example, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}oddnogen.py }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}looked like the following:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch from }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}random }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}odd(n):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3693\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n % 2}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch allNums = []}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachNum }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(9):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3680\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch allNums.append(randint(1, 99))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter(odd, allNums)}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1677\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This code consists of two functions: }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}odd()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, a Boolean function that deter- mined if an integer was odd (true) or even (false), and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}main()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, the primary driving component. The purpose of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}main() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is to generate ten random num- bers  between  1  and  100;  then  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is  called  to  remove  all  the  even numbers. Finally, the set of odd numbers is displayed, preceded by the size}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of our filtered list.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Importing and running this module several times, we get the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ python oddnogen.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [9, 33, 55, 65]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ python oddnogen.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [39, 77, 39, 71, 1]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ python oddnogen.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [23, 39, 9, 1, 63, 91]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch $ python oddnogen.py}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [41, 85, 93, 53, 3]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Refactoring Pass 1}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We notice on second glance that }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}odd() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is simple enough to be replaced by a}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}expression:}{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri5128\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch from }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}random }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint allNums = []}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachNum }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(9):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3650\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch allNums.append(randint(1, 99))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter(}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n: n%2, allNums)}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Refactoring Pass 2}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2468\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We  have  already  mentioned  how  list  comprehensions  can  be  a  suitable replacement for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}so here it is:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch from }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}random }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch allNums = []}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachNum }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(9):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch allNums.append(randint(1, 99))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[n }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}allNums }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n%2]}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Refactoring Pass 3}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We can further simplify our code by integrating another list comprehen- sion to put together our final list. As you can see below, because of the flex- ible  syntax  of  list  comps,  there  is  no  longer  a  need  for  intermediate variables. (To make things fit, we import }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with a shorter name into our code.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch from }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}random }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}randint }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}as }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}ri}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[n }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[ri(1,99) }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}i }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(9)] }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}if }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}n%2]}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2474\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Although longer than it should be, the line of code making up the core part of this example is not as obfuscated as one might think.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch map()}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function is similar to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in that it can process a sequence through a function. However, unlike }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}filter()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8220\'93maps\uc1\u8221\'94 the function  call  to  each  sequence  item  and  returns  a  list  consisting  of  all  the return values.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2639\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In  its  simplest  form,  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}takes  a  function  and  sequence,  applies  the function to each item of the sequence, and creates a return value list that is comprised of each application of the function. So if your mapping function is}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to add 2 to each number that comes in and you feed that function to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}along  with  a  list  of  numbers,  the  resulting  list  returned  is  the  same  set  of numbers as the original, but with 2 added to each number. If we were to code how this simple form of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}works in Python, it might look something like the code below that is illustrated in Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'962.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map(}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}):}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2669\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch mapped_seq = []}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2669\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachItem }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}seq}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3136\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch mapped_seq.append(func(eachItem))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2679\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mapped_seq}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4234\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx4819{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq\tab }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[}{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3922\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch mapped_s}{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4827\ri-20\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom634\shpright3437\shplid436190580{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.2361in/0.5000in/0.5000in/0.8826in/0.2681in/0.2361in/0.5000in/0.5000in/0.8826in/0.2681in/; table-sdh:4b7e308}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:5; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.500000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3458
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li1541\ri1521\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx361\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1081\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1801\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3072\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3458
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li-113\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:3; right-attach:4; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:4; right-attach:5; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [}{\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx720\tx1440\tx2600{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq[0]\tab seq[1]\tab seq[2]\tab seq[}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1]}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx720\tx1440\tx2600{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4746\ri-20\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(seq[0])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\sb20\s29\itap0\tx1160{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(seq[2])\tab func(seq[}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li5481\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0\tx7960{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(seq[1])\tab map()}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3683\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'962   }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}How the map() built-in function works}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We can whip up a few quick }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}functions to show you how }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch works on real data:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> map((}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x: x+2), [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> map(}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x: x**2, range(6))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> [x+2 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(6)]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>[x**2 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}range(6)]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1514\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch We have also discussed how map () can sometimes can be replaced by list comprehensions, so here we refactor our two examples above.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The more general form of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}can take more than a single sequence as}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch its input. If this is the case, then }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}will iterate through each sequence in}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch parallel.  On  the  first  invocation,  it  will  bundle  the  first  element  of  each}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1680\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch sequence into a tuple, apply the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function to it, and return the result as a tuple  into  the  }{\s29\f0\fs20\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mapped_seq }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mapped  sequence  that  is  finally  returned  as  a whole when }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}has completed execution.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Figure  11\uc1\u8211\'962  illustrated  how  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}works  with  a  single  sequence.  If}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch we  used  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}M  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}sequences  of  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}objects  each,  our  previous  dia-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch gram  would  be  converted  to  something  like  the  diagram  presented  in}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'963.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2678\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}M}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li238\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx1739\tx3219{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0\tab 1\tab }{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [}{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2859\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3660\tx6740\tx11380{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch :.\tab .:\tab :.\tab }{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2686\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3399{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq2\tab }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2686\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0\tx3399{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq1\tab }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2617\ri-20\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom634\shpright3480\shplid1472545772{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.1403in/0.9597in/1.1889in/0.1278in/0.1403in/0.9597in/1.1889in/0.1278in/; table-sdh:4b81a58}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:4; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.500000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3501
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li1560\ri1544\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx223\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1605\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3317\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3501
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li-81\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.500000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:3; right-attach:4; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.500000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.500000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch mapped_s}{\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2918\ri-86\s29\itap0\tx3719\tx4200{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [(\tab }{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}),(}{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx440\tx1700\tx2160{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}),...(\tab }{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0})]}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2470\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0\tx5780{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(seq1[0], seq2[0], ... seq}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}M }{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[0])\tab func(seq1[}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1], ... seq}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}M }{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4148\ri4755\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func(seq1[1], seq2[1], ... seq}{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}M }{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[1])}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li7500\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch map()}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2204\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'963   }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}How the }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function works with > 1 sequence}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Here are several examples using }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with multiple sequences:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> map(}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x, y: x + y, [1,3,5], [2,4,6])}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [3, 7, 11]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> map(}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x, y: (x+y, x-y), [1,3,5], [2,4,6])}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [(3, -1), (7, -1), (11, -1)]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> map(None, [1,3,5], [2,4,6])}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2636\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The  last  example  above  uses  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}map() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and  a  function  object  of  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to merge  elements  of  unrelated  sequences  together.  This  idiom  was  so  com- monly  used  prior  to  Python  2.0  that  a  new  built-in  function,  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}zip()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  was added just to address it:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> zip([1,3,5], [2,4,6])}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The final functional programming piece is }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, which takes a }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}binary function  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(a  function  that  takes  two  values,  performs  some  calculation  and returns  one  value  as  output),  a  sequence,  and  an  optional  initializer,  and}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1502\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch methodologically \uc1\u8220\'93reduces\uc1\u8221\'94 the contents of that list down to a single value, hence its name.  In other languages, this concept is known as }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}folding}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch It does this by taking the first two elements of the sequence and passing them to the binary function to obtain a single value. It then takes this value and the next item of the sequence to get yet another value, and so on until the sequence is exhausted and one final value is computed.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch You may try to visualize }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}as the following equivalence example:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3291\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6439\tx6920{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch reduce(func, [1, 2, 3])\tab \'ba\tab func(func(1, 2), 3)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1677\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Some argue that the \uc1\u8220\'93proper functional\uc1\u8221\'94 use of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}requires only one item to be taken at a time for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. In our first iteration above, we took two items because we did not have a \uc1\u8220\'93result\uc1\u8221\'94 from the previous values}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (because we did not }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}have }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}any previous values). This is where the optional ini- tializer comes in (see the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}init }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}variable below). If the initializer is given, then the  first  iteration  is  performed  on  the  initializer  and  the  first  item  of  the sequence, and follows normally from there.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1499\s29\itap0{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom487\shpright10620\shplid1977534773{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:2.2938in/1.7417in/3.3396in/2.2938in/1.7417in/3.3396in/; table-sdh:4b842b8}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3324\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx5832\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2893\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.250000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx3324\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx5832\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx10641
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li57\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li21\ri-20\sb20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we were to try to implement }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce() }{\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in pure Python, it might look something like this:}{\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch if }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}init }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}None:\tab # initializer?}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4065\ri4476\s29\itap0\tx6599{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch res = lseq.pop(0) #\tab no}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch else}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}:}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4064\ri4362\s29\itap0\tx6099\tx6599{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch res = init\tab #\tab yes}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6099{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}item }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lseq:\tab # reduce sequence}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4095\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch res = bin_func(res, item) # apply function}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx7139{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}res\tab # return result}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1482\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This may be the most difficult of the four conceptually, so we should again show you an example as well as a functional diagram (see Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'964). The}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93hello  world\uc1\u8221\'94  of  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is  its  use  of  a  simple  addition  function  or  its}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}equivalent seen earlier in this chapter:}{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mySum(x,y): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x+y}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8226\'95 }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x,y: x+y}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Given a list, we can get the sum of all the values by simply creating a loop,  iteratively  going  through  the  list,  adding  the  current  element  to  a running  subtotal,  and  being  presented  with  the  result  once  the  loop  has completed:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mySum(x,y): }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x+y}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6259{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> allNums = range(5)\tab # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> total = 0}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2510\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch seq  }{\s29\f0\fs36\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[}{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2700\tx3420{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0              1              2\tab }{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-2\tab }{\s29\f0\fs16\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}N}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}-1}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3074\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bin\uc1\u8211\'96func}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3360\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (a)}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bin\uc1\u8211\'96func}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4083\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (b)}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li11\ri-20\s29\itap0{\*\shppict{\pict\pngblip\picw24\pich109\picwgoal479\picscalex18\pichgoal2180\picscaley18
\bliptag10016{\*\blipuid 00000000000000000000000000002720}
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b4e587a83fb93dea285b7f6bc9bd0d077863e160de9ed4925647c670edfc4ff0
8def0386ddbdcf03bd339cf450c1d5f1f1a4b6fdd800828675383aee1e408eba
97cad0414485c09aaf557266f56276d7bb78dcbf8d8cbcc18e777f66f8daef89
ee368150df415c2d3ac1ebff5dcade3f2751f64b018ffc6c083bb69b3d9a7718
30df88f4215a8c02665c63ef9f93e8f74b011e97bea7b2b7072334237402de5f
729eb64757f2cf1b4120b230f4d93f8bfe1f5b0113280080e3e2000000004945
4e44ae426082}}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bin\uc1\u8211\'96func}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0
\sect\sectd\sbknone\colsx360\margtsxn99\margbsxn0\marglsxn80\margrsxn80\pgncont\ltrsect
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2514\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bin\uc1\u8211\'96func}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li6829\ri4265\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch res}{\s29\f0\fs16\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2414\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs14\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (a) The value of this result is bin\uc1\u8211\'96func(seq[0], seq[1])}{\s29\f0\fs14\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2414\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs14\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch (b) The value of this result is bin\uc1\u8211\'96func(bin_func(seq[0], seq[1]), seq[2]), etc.}{\s29\f0\fs14\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2394\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Figure 11\uc1\u8211\'964   }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}How the reduce() built-in function works}{\s29\f0\fs18\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}for }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}eachNum }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}allNums:}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3120{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab total = mySum(total, eachNum)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri5388\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'the total is:', total the total is: 10}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Using }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, we can do the same thing on a single line:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'the total is:', reduce((}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x,y: x+y), range(5))}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch the total is: 10}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li1743\ri2461\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}reduce() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function performs the following mathematical operations given the input above:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ((((0 + 1) + 2) + 3) + 4) \'de   10}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch It takes the first two elements of the list (0 and 1), calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mySum() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to get 1, then calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mySum() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}again with that result and the next item 2, gets the result from that, pairs it with the next item 3 and calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mySum()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, and finally takes the entire subtotal and calls }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mySum() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}with 4 to obtain 10, which is the final return value.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.7.3  Partial Function Application}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1678\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The  notion  of  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}currying  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}combines  the  concepts  of  functional  programming and default and variable arguments together. A function taking N arguments that is \uc1\u8220\'93curried\uc1\u8221\'94 embalms the first argument as a fixed parameter and returns another function object taking (the remaining) N-1 arguments, akin to the actions of the LISP primitive functions }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}car }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}cdr}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, respectively. Currying can  be  generalized  into  }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}partial  function  application  }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}(PFA),  in  which  any number  (and  order)  of  arguments  is  parlayed  into  another  function  object with the remainder of the arguments to be supplied later.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In a way, this seems similar to default arguments where if arguments are not provided, they take on a \uc1\u8220\'93default\uc1\u8221\'94 value. In the case of PFAs, the argu- ments do not have a default value for all calls to a function, only to a specific set of calls. You can have multiple partial function calls, each of which may pass  in  different  arguments  to  the  function,  hence  the  reason  why  default arguments cannot be used.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1514\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This feature was introduced in Python 2.5 and made available to users via the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}functools }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}module.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Simple Functional Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1679\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch How about creating a simple little example? Let us take two simple functions }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mul()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, both found in the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}operator }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}module. These are just func- tional interfaces to the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}+ }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}* }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}operators that we are already familiar with, e.g., }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add(x, y) }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is the same as }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}x + y}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Say that we wanted to add one to a num- ber or multiply another by 100 quite often in our applications.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Rather  than  having  multiple  calls  like  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add(1, foo), add(1, bar), mul(100, foo), mul(100, bar)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, would it not be nice to just have existing functions  that  simplify  the  function  call,  i.e.,  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add1(foo), add1(bar), mul100(foo), mul100(bar)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},   but   without   having   to   write   functions }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add1() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}mul100()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}? Well, now you can with PFAs. You can create a PFA}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch by using the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}partial() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function found in the functional module:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}operator }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}add, mul}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}functools }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}partial}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx6660{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> add1 = partial(add, 1)\tab # add1(x) == add(1, x)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> mul100 = partial(mul, 100) # mul100(x) == mul(100, x)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> add1(10)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> add1(1)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> mul100(10)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1000}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> mul100(500)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 50000}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi345\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This example may or may not open your eyes to the power of PFAs, but we have to start somewhere. PFAs are best used when calling functions that take many parameters. It is also easier to use PFAs with keyword arguments, because  specific  arguments  can  be  given  explicitly,  either  as  curried  argu- ments, or those more \uc1\u8220\'93variable\uc1\u8221\'94 that are passed in at runtime, and we do not have to worry about ordering. Below is an example from the Python docu- mentation for use in applications where binary data (as strings) need to be converted to integers fairly often:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> baseTwo = partial(int, base=2)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> baseTwo.__doc__ = 'Convert base 2 string to an int.'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> baseTwo('10010')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 18}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This example uses the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}int() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}built-in function and fixes the base to 2 spe- cifically for binary string conversion. Now instead of multiple calls to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}int() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}all with the same second parameter (of 2), e.g., }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}int('10010', 2)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, we can simply use our new }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}baseTwo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function with a single argument. Good style}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch is also followed because it adds a documentation string to the \uc1\u8220\'93new (partial) function,\uc1\u8221\'94 and it is also another good use of \uc1\u8220\'93function attributes\uc1\u8221\'94 (see Sec- tion 11.3.4 above). One important thing to note is that the keyword argument }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}base }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is required here.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Be Wary of Keywords}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If you create the partial function without the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}base }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}keyword, e.g., }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}baseTwo- BAD = partial(int, 2)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  it  would  pass  the  arguments  to  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}int() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in  the wrong order because the fixed arguments are always placed to the left of the runtime  arguments,  meaning  that  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}baseTwoBAD(x) == int(2, x)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.  If  you call it, it would pass in 2 as the number to convert and the base as }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}'10010'}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, resulting in an exception:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> baseTwoBAD = partial(int, 2)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> baseTwoBAD('10010')}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-227\li2452\ri4798\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch TypeError: an integer is required}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch With the keyword in place, the order is preserved properly since, as you know,  keyword  arguments  always  come  after  the  formal  arguments,  so }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}baseTwo(x) == int(x, base=2)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Simple GUI Class Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch PFAs  also  extended  to  all  callables  like  classes  and  methods.  An  excellent example of using PFAs is in providing \uc1\u8220\'93partial-GUI templating.\uc1\u8221\'94 GUI wid- gets often have many parameters, such as text, length, maximum size, back- ground and foreground colors, both active and otherwise, etc. If we wanted}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch to \uc1\u8220\'93fix\uc1\u8221\'94 some of those arguments, such as making all text labels be in white letters  on  a  blue  background,  you  can  customize  it  exactly  that  way  into  a pseudo template for similar objects.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.6   Partial Function Application GUI (pfaGUI.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This a more useful example of partial function application, or more accurately,}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2783\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch \uc1\u8220\'93partial class instantiation\uc1\u8221\'94 in this case . . . why?}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpz0\shpbxmargin\shpbypara\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpleft0\shptop0\shpbottom640\shpright2640\shplid263199958{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextTop}{\sv 27305}}{\sp{\sn dxTextBottom}{\sv 27305}}{\shptxt{\*\abitableprops table-line-thickness:0.8pt; table-col-spacing:0.03in; table-column-leftpos:0.0000in; table-column-props:0.1597in/0.6319in/1.0417in/0.1597in/0.6319in/1.0417in/0.1597in/0.6319in/1.0417in/; table-sdh:4b8bd10}\par{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}{
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1161\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2661
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li130\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:0; bot-attach:1; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1161\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2661
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:1; bot-attach:2; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:0; right-attach:1; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}\row
\trowd \itap1\trgaph10\trql\trrh0\trleft0\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx251\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx1161\clvertalt\cltxlrtb\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clcbpat1\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw0\brdrcf0 \cellx2661
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:1; right-attach:2; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li130\ri-20\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}{\*\abicellprops left-attach:2; right-attach:3; top-attach:2; bot-attach:3; color:000000; bot-color:000000; bot-style:1; bot-thickness:0.000000px; left-color:000000; left-style:1; left-thickness:0.000000px; right-color:000000; right-style:1; right-thickness:0.000000px; top-color:000000; top-style:1; top-thickness:0.000000pt; background-color:ffffff}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li60\ri-58\s29\intbl\itap1\cell{\*\abiendcell}\row}{\*\abiendtable}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0}}}\par
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\itap0{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}from }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}functools }{\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}import }{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}partial}{\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab MyButton = partial(Tkinter.Button, root,}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8\tab fg='white', bg='blue')}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3500{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab b1 = MyButton(text='Button 1')}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 10   b2 = MyButton(text='Button 2')}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11   qb = MyButton(text='QUIT', bg='red',}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3980{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 12\tab command=root.quit)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 13   b1.pack()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 14   b2.pack()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 15   qb.pack(fill=Tkinter.X, expand=True)}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 16   root.title('PFAs!')}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3143\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 17   root.mainloop()}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In lines 7\uc1\u8211\'968, we create the \uc1\u8220\'93partial class instantiator\uc1\u8221\'94 (because that is what}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1677\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch it is instead of a partial function) for }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Tkinter.Button}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, fixing the parent win- dow argument root and both foreground and background colors. We create two buttons }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}b1 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}and }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}b2 }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}matching this template providing only the text label as unique to each. The quit button (lines 11\uc1\u8211\'9612) is slightly more customized, taking  on  a  different  background  color  (red,  which  overrides  the  blue default) and installing a callback to close the window when it is pressed. (The other two buttons have no function when they are pressed.)}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Without the }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}MyButton }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8220\'93template,\uc1\u8221\'94 you would have to use the \uc1\u8220\'93full\uc1\u8221\'94 syntax}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch each  time  (because  you  are  still  not  giving  all  the  arguments  as  there  are}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch plenty of parameters you are not passing that have default values):}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2074\ri3026\sb80\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch b1 = Tkinter.Button(root, fg='white', bg='blue', text='Button 1') b2 = Tkinter.Button(root, fg='white', bg='blue', text='Button 2') qb = Tkinter.Button(root, fg='white', text='QUIT', bg='red',}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch command=root.quit)}{\s29\f0\fs16\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2133\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Here is a snapshot of what this simple GUI looks like:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li4574\ri-20\s29\itap0{\*\shppict{\pict\pngblip\picw65\pich87\picwgoal1300\picscalex99\pichgoal1739\picscaley99
\bliptag10017{\*\blipuid 00000000000000000000000000002721}
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\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi389\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Why bother with so much repetition when your code can be more com- pact  and  easy  to  read?  You  can  find  out  more  about  GUI  programming  in Chapter 18 (Section 18.3.5), where we feature a longer example of using PFAs. From what you have seen so far, you can see that PFA takes on the flavors}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2639\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of templating and \uc1\u8220\'93style-sheeting\uc1\u8221\'94 in terms of providing defaults in a more functional programming environment. You can read more about them in the documentation  for  the  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}functools }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}module  documentation  found  in  the Python Library Reference, the \uc1\u8220\'93What\uc1\u8217\'92s New in Python 2.5\uc1\u8221\'94 document, and the specifying PEP 309.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.8  Variable Scope}{\s29\f0\fs36\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}scope }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}of an identifier is defined to be the portion of the program where its  declaration  applies,  or  what  we  refer  to  as  \uc1\u8220\'93variable  visibility.\uc1\u8221\'94  In  other words,  it  is  like  asking  yourself  in  which  parts  of  a  program  do  you  have access to a specific identifier. Variables either have local or global scope.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.8.1  Global versus Local Variables}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2638\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Variables defined within a function have }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}local }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}scope, and those at the highest level in a module have }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}global }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}scope. In their famous \uc1\u8220\'93dragon\uc1\u8221\'94 book on compiler theory, Aho, Sethi, and Ullman summarize it this way:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch  \uc1\u8220\'93The portion of the program to which a declaration applies is called the }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}scope }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}of that declaration. An occurrence of a name in a procedure is said to be }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}local }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}to the procedure if it is in the scope of a declaration within the pro- cedure; otherwise, the occurrence is said to be }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}nonlocal}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.\uc1\u8221\'94}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch One characteristic of global variables is that unless deleted, they have a lifespan that lasts as long as the script that is running and whose values are accessible to all functions, whereas local variables, like the stack frame they reside in, live temporarily, only as long as the functions they are defined in are currently active. When a function call is made, its local variables come into scope as they are declared. At that time, a new local name is created for that object, and once that function has completed and the frame deallocated, that variable will go out of scope.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch global_str = 'foo'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch local_str = 'bar'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}global_str + local_str}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch In the above example, }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}global_str }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is a global variable while }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}local_str }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a local variable. The }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}function has access to both global and local vari-}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ables while the main block of code has access only to global variables.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch CORE NOTE: Searching for identifiers (aka variables, names, etc.)}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li3087\ri2326\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch When searching for an identifier, Python searches the local scope first. If the name is not found within the local scope, then an identifier must be found in the global scope or else a }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}NameError }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}exception is raised.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri1947\sb40\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch A variable\uc1\u8217\'92s scope is related to the }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}namespace }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}in which it resides. We will cover namespaces formally in Chapter 12; suffice it to say for now that namespaces are just naming domains that map names to objects, a virtual set of what variable names are currently in use, if you will.The concept}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri1948\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of scope relates to the namespace search order that is used to find a variable. All names in the local namespace are within the local scope when}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qr\li2909\ri2128\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a function is executing.That is the first namespace searched when looking for a variable. If it is not found there, then perhaps a globally scoped variable with that name can be found.These variables are stored (and searched) in}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch the global and built-in namespaces.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri1974\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch It is possible to \uc1\u8220\'93hide\uc1\u8221\'94 or override a global variable just by creating a local one. Recall that the local namespace is searched first, being in its local scope. If the name is found, the search does not continue to search for}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch a globally scoped variable, hence overriding any matching name in either}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3087\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch the global or built-in namespaces.}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Also, be careful when using local variables with the same names as global}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2636\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch variables. If you use such names in a function (to access the global value) before you assign the local value, you will get an exception (}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}NameError }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}or }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Unbound- LocalError}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}), depending on which version of Python you are using.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li3108\ri-20 2.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li3108\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1009\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat2{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart2\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li3108\ls10\ilvl0\itap0\tx3108{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch global }{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}Statement}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch global\uc0\u22768 \uc0\u26126 }{\s29\f0\fs32\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2642\sb40\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Global  variable  names  can  be  overridden  by  local  variables  if  they  are declared within the function. Here is another example, similar to the first, but the global and local nature of the variable are not as clear.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2707\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"\\ncalling foo()..."}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2707\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar = 200}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2707\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"in foo(), bar is", bar}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\sb40\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch bar = 100}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri5388\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"in __main__, bar is", bar foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}"\\nin __main__, bar is (still)", bar}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch It gave the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in __main__, bar is 100}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch calling foo()...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in foo(), bar is 200}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\sb60\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch in __main__, bar is (still) 100}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Our local }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}pushed the global }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}out of the local scope. To specifically reference a named global variable, one must use the }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}global }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}statement. The syntax for global is:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch global }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}var1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[, }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}var2}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}[, ... }{\s29\f0\fs18\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}varN}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}]]]}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2445\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Modifying the example above, we can update our code so that we use the glo- bal version of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is_this_global }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}rather than create a new local variable.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> is_this_global = 'xyz'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3120{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}global }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is_this_global}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3120{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab this_is_local = 'abc'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3120{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab is_this_global = 'def'}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3120{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...\tab }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}this_is_local + is_this_global}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch ...}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch abcdef}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2223\ri6320\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is_this_global def}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
{\listtext\pard\fi-1125\li3108\ri-20 3.	}\pard\plain{\ltrpar\ql\fi-1125\li3108\ri-20\s29{\*\abilist\abilistid1009\abilistparentid0\abilistlevel1\abistartat2{\abifieldfont Times New Roman}{\abilistdecimal .}{\abilistdelim %L.}{\abiliststyle Numbered List}}{\*\pn\pnql\pnstart2\pnlvlbody\pndec{\pntxtb }{\pntxta .}}\fn-1125\li3108\ls10\ilvl0\itap0\tx3108{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Number of Scopes}{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
}\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python syntactically supports multiple levels of functional nesting, and as of}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Python 2.1, matching statically nested scoping. However, in versions prior to}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2.1, a maximum of two scopes was imposed: a function\uc1\u8217\'92s local scope and the global scope. Even though more levels of functional nesting exist, you could not access more than two scopes:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch m = 3}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4090\ri6668\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch n = 4}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li4080\ri5978\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}m + n}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3640\ri6885\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}m bar()}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Although this code executes perfectly fine today . . .}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch . . . executing it resulted in errors in Python before 2.1:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> foo()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-114\li3298\ri4771\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Traceback (innermost last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi114\li3183\ri4621\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch File "<stdin>", line 7, in foo File "<stdin>", line 5, in bar NameError: m}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1676\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The  access  to  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8217\'92s  local  variable  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}m }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}within  function  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is  illegal because  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}m }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}is  declared  local  to  }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}.  The  only  scopes  accessible  from }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}are }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8217\'92s local scope and the global scope. }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}foo()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8217\'92s local scope is }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}not }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}included in that short list of two. Note that the output for the \uc1\u8220\'93}{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1678\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch m}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\uc1\u8221\'94 statement succeeded, and it is the function call to }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}bar() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}that fails. For- tunately with Python\uc1\u8217\'92s current nested scoping rules, this is not a problem today.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 11.8.4  Closures}{\s29\f0\fs32\i\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1682\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch With  Python\uc1\u8217\'92s  statically  nested  scoping,  it  becomes  useful  to  define  inner functions as we have seen earlier. In the next section, we will focus on scope and  }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}lambda}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0},  but  inner  functions  also  suffered  the  same  problem  before Python 2.1 when the scoping rules changed to what they are today.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If references are made from inside an inner function to an object defined in}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch any outer scope (but not in the global scope), the inner function then is known}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li1743\ri2639\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch as a }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}closure}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. The variables defined in the outer function but used or referred to by the inner function are called }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}free variables}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. Closures are an important con- cept  in  functional  programming  languages,  with  Scheme  and  Haskell  being two of them. Closures are syntactically simple (as simple as inner functions) yet still very powerful.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch A closure combines an inner function\uc1\u8217\'92s own code and scope along with the scope of an outer function. Closure lexical variables do not belong to the glo- bal  namespace  scope  or  the  local  one\uc1\u8212\'97they  belong  to  someone  else\uc1\u8217\'92s namespace and carry an \uc1\u8220\'93on the road\uc1\u8221\'94 kind of scope. (Note that they differ from objects in that those variables live in an object\uc1\u8217\'92s namespace while closure variables live in a function\uc1\u8217\'92s namespace and scope.) So why would you want to use closures?}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Closures are useful for setting up calculations, hiding state, letting you move around function objects and scope at will. Closures come in handy in GUI or event-driven programming where a lot of APIs support callbacks. The same applies for retrieving database rows and processing the data in the exact same manner.  Callbacks  are  just  functions.  Closures  are  functions,  too,  but  they carry some additional scope with them. They are just functions with an extra feature . . . another scope.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2643\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch You will probably feel that the use of closures draws a strong parallel to partial function application as introduced earlier in this chapter, but PFA is really more like currying than the use of closures because it is not as much as about function calling as it is about using variables defined in another scope.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1984\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Simple Closure Example}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri2441\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Below is a short example of using closures. We will simulate a counter and also simulate making an integer mutable by enclosing it as a single element}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1743\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch of a list.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi-548\li2773\ri6320\s29\sl264\slmult1\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}counter(start_at=0): count = [start_at] }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}incr():}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3240\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch count[0] += 1}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3240\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}count[0]}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2786\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch return }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}incr}{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li1743\ri2637\sb80\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The only thing }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}counter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}does is to accept an initial value to start counting at and assigns it as the sole member of the list count. Then an }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}incr() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}inner func- tion is defined. By using the variable count inside it, we have created a closure because it now carries with it the scope of }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}counter()}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}. }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}incr() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}increments the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch running count and returns it. Then the final magic is that }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}counter() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}returns}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch incr}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}, a (callable) function object.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we run this interactively, we get the output below\uc1\u8212\'97note how similar it}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch looks to instantiating a counter object and executing the instance:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> count = counter(5)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}count()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 6}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}count()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> count2 = counter(100)}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}count2()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 101}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch >>> }{\s29\f0\fs18\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}print }{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}count()}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\fi240\li2704\ri1482\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The one difference is that we were able to do something that previously required  us  to  write  a  class,  and  not  only  that,  but  to  have  to  override  the}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1496\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch __call__() }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}special method of that class to make its instances callable. Here we were able to do it with a pair of functions.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\fi240\li2704\ri1683\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Now,  in  many  cases,  a  class  is  the  right  thing  to  use.  Closures  are  more appropriate in cases whenever you need a callback that has to have its own scope, especially if it is something small and simple, and often, clever. As usual,}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2704\ri1507\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch if you use a closure, it is a good idea to comment your code and/or use doc strings to explain what you are doing.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch *Chasing Down Closure Lexical Variables}{\s29\f0\fs28\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qj\li2704\ri1681\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch The next two sections contain material for advanced readers . . . feel free to skip it if you wish. We will discuss how you can track down free variables with a function\uc1\u8217\'92s }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}func_closure }{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}attribute. Here is a code snippet that dem- onstrates it.}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2943\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch If we run this piece of code, we get the following output:}{\s29\f0\fs22\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch no f1 closure vars}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch f2 closure vars: ['<cell at 0x5ee30: int object at}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li3889\ri6053\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0x200377c>']}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch f3 closure vars: ['<cell at 0x5ee90: int object at}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3903\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0x2003770>', '<cell at 0x5ee30: int object at}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\qc\li3889\ri6053\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 0x200377c>']}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <int 'w' id=0x2003788 val=1>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <int 'x' id=0x200377c val=2>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <int 'y' id=0x2003770 val=3>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li3183\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch <int 'z' id=0x2003764 val=4>}{\s29\f0\fs18\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch Example 11.7  Tracking Closure Variables (closureVars.py)}{\s29\f0\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch This example shows how we can track closure variables by using a function\uc1\u8217\'92s}{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li1824\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch func_closure }{\s29\f0\fs22\i\lang2052{\*\listtag0}variable.}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\sb20\s29\itap0{\s29\f1\fs24\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 1\tab #!/usr/bin/env python}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 3\tab output = '<int %r id=%#0x val=%d>'}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 4\tab w = x = y = z = 1}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 5}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2540{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 6\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}f1():}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx2760{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 7\tab x = y = z = 2}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 8}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
\pard\plain\ltrpar\ql\li2184\ri-20\s29\itap0\tx3019{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\abinodiroverride\ltrch 9\tab }{\s29\f0\fs20\b\lang2052{\*\listtag0}def }{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}f2():}{\s29\f0\fs20\lang2052{\*\listtag0}\par}
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